From The Different Pairs Of Artists That Were Given To

From the different pairs of artists that were given to do this research paper on I have decided to compare and contrast the pieces of Andy Warhol’s â€Å"Coca-Cola† and El Anatsui’s â€Å"Between Heaven and Earth†. I decided on writing about these two artists that of which both of their pieces caught my most attention because of their spirited and diverse works of art. Both, Andy Warhol and El Anatsui are prominent artists in their own fields and have made many more renowned pieces. The two artists, Warhol and Anatsui, have different techniques of expressing art, but can in some ways be comparable. Andy Warhol was a popular American Pop artist who had a prosperous career and was known for producing consumer culture pieces. Warhol was really drawn†¦show more content†¦He always painted something materialistic wise while his style was to make it seem vibrant and Warhol overtime would start and finish the way he wanted the art piece to be like. Warho l was fascinated with adding the pop to pop art. He was fond of using energetic colors and the artwork always had to do with something being materialistic and in a way he, himself, advertised whatever he had painted. The other things he painted or in a way advertised were â€Å"Campbell’s Soup Cans†, â€Å"Marilyn Diptych†, and â€Å"Eight Elvises†. He had used the screen-print on many more occasions and they are all of his famous pieces. Andy Warhol wanted to use Coca-Cola in his painting because of how famous the drink was in the America society and how everyone could buy the same Coca-Cola without getting anything different. Warhol was criticized for being superficial about his painting and that he was overrated as an artist. Paul Mattick quotes Andy Warhol, â€Å"If you want to know all about Andy Warhol, just look at the surface: of my paintings and films and me, and there I am. There’s nothing behind it.† Furthermore, he used one hundr ed and twelve bottles of Coca-Cola to represent the ubiquitous drink in America. He used vibrant colors in this piece, but did not keep the sameShow MoreRelatedDark Artillery : New Contrabands, No Change1747 Words   |  7 Pagesbelieved that they finally saw an opening to freedom. However, being a contraband did not mean instantaneous freedom and equality – they were nearly treated the same way as slaves. Contrabands were seen as tools instead of soldiers within the Union lines. In 1861, a cartoon titled Dark Artillery was published in Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper by an unknown artist and dehumanized contrabands, stripping them of their human qualities by depicting them as parts of canons. This image gave a powerfulRead MoreCopyright Infringement Of The Happy Birthday Song, Along With The Walt Disney Company s Lobbying Tactics1180 Words   |  5 PagesCopyright is set out to protect the original artists’ creative work from imitations for a limited tim e, until it enters the Public Domain. Creators may view this as a much needed law to prevent infringement, which grants the lawful artist the rights to their respective work. However, continuing this practice is redundant as copyright does not accomplish what it has been set out to do. The Blurred Lines Case is used to convey how the Lay Listener Test fails to determine copyright infringement. Adele’sRead MoreConverse : More Than Just Shoes1640 Words   |  7 PagesThe Chuck Taylor or Converse as everyone knows them, are everlasting icons of American culture. Everyone wears chucks from James Dean in the 60’s to Michelle Obama now. The range of owners of converse is astounding. The range of use in converse is amazing. The Chuck Taylor has been named one of the most influential shoes of all time. Sixty percent of all Americans have owned a pair of Chuck Taylors at least once in their lives. (History) Converse was founded in 1908 by Marquise Mills in Malden, MassachusettsRead MoreAnalysis Of Hockey Game By Andy Warhol1262 Words   |  6 PagesThe image that I have chosen from Artstor, to demonstrate the understanding of the visual culture is a painting titled, â€Å"Hockey Game†. This image was created by Andy Warhol who was an American painter, printmaker and filmmaker from 1928 until 1987. There is no date on this piece. The actual size of this image is 8 by 10 inches and the material used is Gelaton silver print. Among the images found in Artstor, there is more than one image called the Hockey Game, created by the same author whichRead MoreThe Works Of David The King David1706 Words   |  7 Pagesof Israel, but after disobeying god’s words he was rejected from the throne† . David became the symbol of Florence, many artists have done sculptures of him and two of the best artists were Michelangelo and Bernini. These two were talented of creating sculp tures inspiration of David; although the subjects are the same their style of sculpting is different. There were other artist whose done sculpture of David, but by far these two were the best, in my opinion. â€Å"Michelangelo di Lodovico BuonarrotiRead MoreThe Role Of Buddhism And Its Arts1304 Words   |  6 PagesGandhara from India were the artist of the Buddha sculpture titled as Teaching Buddha which represents the second miracle of Srasvasti wherein the Buddha performed his superiority over kasyapas. This piece of sculpture was made in second or third century as a seated Buddha on an inverted lotus throne supported by two elephants and a lion. This sculpture’s present location is at The UC Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive (BAMPFA) in Berkeley California. The sculpture is placed on the tableRead MoreThe Life of Paulo Coelho1274 Words   |  5 Pages(Famous Authors). His parents were firmly against his desire to become a writer because they did not see a career as a writer. They went as far as placing him into a mental institution around the age eighteen three times. He even had to endure electrical shocks when he was in the mental institution. The reason why his parents placed him into a mental institution was because they wanted Coelho to have a practical job and realize that his dream will only stay a dream. From the website, the Famous AuthorsRead MoreThe Fall 2016 Exhibit At Esker Foundation Features Three1637 Words   |  7 Pagesat Esker Foundation features three shows: The Traveller by Cedric and Jim Bomford, Tear Down and Rebuild by Jasmina Cibic, and CIVIC. CENTRE. by Larissa Fassler. Curated by Naomi Potter, the gallery contains approximately 18 different works by the four above named artists. The shows each have strong work in their own right and converge on themes of construction, urbanization, and ideals of nationalism. Housed within a mixed-use retail and office building, to visit the gallery one must proceed toRead MoreThe And Out Of The Cradle Endlessly Rocking By Walt Whitman942 Words   |  4 PagesWhitman. Bits and pieces of nature were used to personify mortality. Additional historical context showed that th e poems are reflections of their respective authors’ view on mortality. The interpreted meanings of the theme from the poems were greatly different. Despite being written four decades apart, similarities between the poems were rampant. Poets used nature as a colour palette to paint a theme in their works. Mortality’s two faces of living and dying were exhibited through metaphors and imageriesRead MoreA Brief Note On The Hip Hop Industry Essay1428 Words   |  6 Pageshop artist, born in Miami, Florida, and is been more famously recognized within the music industry, in terms of fame and financial success. While these two artists come from opposite ends of the country, they do share similarities within their music and performance of hip hop culture, in that they both utilize problematic themes like misogyny, sexual objectification, and violence towards women in their lyrics and music videos, which are notorious subjects within hip hop music. They also pair this

Personal Narrative Essay Models - 3252 Words

Personal Narrative Essay Models Some may not be of high literary quality, but they do show personal transformation and reflection. Others may contain inappropriate subject matter for some communities. However, they can be very useful in encouraging students to write. By choosing a suitable model, demonstrating annotation and applying the steps of the writing process, teachers can help young adults to compose effective personal narrative essays. Begin by allowing the students to review narrative models. Present the model to the class as a whole. Teachers may want to read it out loud so that the dramatic aspects of the narrative are clear. Guide discussion with questions like these: * What event caused the narrators life to change?†¦show more content†¦Using overhead and transparency of essay (homework), the teacher will highlight important parts, including (but not limited to) personal narrative, point of view, authors feelings or opinion on topic, and the thesis. Teacher will discuss with students how w e might make this particular thesis fit a general formula for personal essays. | Practice: | (5 minutes: Class Discussion) Class discusses ways to create a general thesis for this particular essay. Teacher records answers on overhead and gives suggestions when helpful. (20 minutes: Pair work) Students work in pairs to examine the structural contents of the same essay. They highlight important things they see such as voice, point of view, narrative, choronological time-lines, conflict, resolution, etc. | Checking For Understanding: | (10 minutes: What did we find?) Students, guided by teacher, share what they discovered about the structure of the body of a personal essay. Teacher writes results on T-chart transparency. (10 minutes: Working together) Working together, students and teacher work through the conclusion, calling out important structural elements they see. Teacher marks up transparency of essay and then records findings on T-chart. | Closure: | (5 minutes) Wrapping up. Assign homework: read one additional personal essay. Compare this essay, the one used today, and ones read in the previous unit and create a list of structural elements a personal essayShow MoreRelatedEssay about Personal Narrative: My Role Model is Mother Teresa599 Words   |  3 Pages My role model is Mother Teresa, she is one of the most inspiring people in the world. Mother Teresa cared about others that were in need. She doesn’t have any selfish bone in her body. Mother Teresa is caring, selfless, religious and a risk taker. She motivates me to be a better person, and this is why I chose her as my role model. Mother Teresa is very compassionate, she dedicated her entire life to helping others. She showed so much compassion and used this to help the people around the worldRead MoreEssay about Baldwins Notes to a Native Son1712 Words   |  7 Pagesthe main points of his essay, â€Å"Notes of a Native Son.† Baldwin’s composition was published in 1955, and based mostly around the World War II era. This essay was written about a decade after his father’s death, and it reflected back on his relationship with his father. At points in the essay, Baldwin expressed hatred, love, contempt, and pride for his father, and Baldwin broke down this truly complex relationship in his analysis. In order to do this, he wrote the essay as if he were in the pastRead MoreEssay on The Innovators of American Literature1066 Words   |  5 Pagesillustrate American themes in their personal narratives that quintessentially make part of American Literature. Although they lived in differen t times during the early development of the United States of America and wrote for different purposes, they share common themes. Their influence by their environment, individualism, proposals for a better society, and events that affected their society generate from their writings. By analyzing Jonathan Edwards Personal Narrative, Resolutions, Sinners in theRead MoreTo Be or Not to Be Well Educated1114 Words   |  5 Pages To be or not to be well-educated: A Narrative Response to Alfie Kohn’s â€Å"What does it mean to be well-educated?† To be or not to be well-educated: A Narrative Response to Alfie Kohn’s â€Å"What does it mean to be well-educated?† Alfie Kohn’s essay â€Å"What does it mean to be well-educated?† begins on a personal note using his wife as an example to substantiate his hypothesis. Encountering Alisa at the very beginning of the essay was indeed a refreshing way to initiateRead MoreNarrative Is The Representation Of An Event Or Series Of Events1637 Words   |  7 PagesPlainly, a narrative is â€Å"the representation of an event or series of events.† However, questionably, a first person narrative holds far more significance as it acts as a personal mechanism that is used to define oneself. This may be referred to as a ‘self-narrative,’ Ibarra, H. and Barbulescu, R. 2010 refer to this to describe a story that is informative of the speaker. It is human nature to create narratives that represent ourselves and where we stand in society. These constructions allow us toRead MoreMaya Angelou Response Essay717 Words   |  3 Pagesblighted American history since colonial times. In he r essay â€Å"Graduation,† Maya Angelou recollects the experience of her eighth grade graduation in the 1930s to examine the personal growth of humans caught in the adversity of racial discrimination. Through narrative structure, selection of detail, and use of imagery, Angelou encourages young blacks to follow their ambitions with pride, despite what the â€Å"white man† thinks of them. Through her narrative structure, Angelou aspires for young black studentsRead MoreRhetorical Analysis : Us And Them1668 Words   |  7 PagesRhetorical Analysis: Us and Them David Sedaris claim in his essay Us and Them is inferred from its content to be that those who are privileged tend to mistreat the less fortunate. They also judge the lifestyles of others whom they may demarcate as different while ignoring their own faults and imperfections while at the same time refusing to accept other people s cultures and ways of life into our own or deeming others inferior. The fundamental message that the author is trying to convey throughRead MoreI Am Writing At The Spring 2015 Semester Of Mrs. Miller s Engl 112 Dual Enrollment College1577 Words   |  7 PagesGroup. We also had access to Smarthinking, an online tutorial website that was very helpful in developing my work. I have included here the handouts that I found most helpful in organizing my essays, and the drafts and final revisions for the four projects completed this semester. As I collected the essays for my portfolio, I can clearly now appreciate how Mrs. Miller’s approach to this cours e really helped to focus multiple rhetorical and research skills. The first project we worked on focusedRead MoreAdd Cake, Subtract Self Esteem Analysis1263 Words   |  6 Pages she describes her own personal experience on how this impossible standard affects women’s eating which leads to eating disorders and an unhealthy relationship with food. In â€Å"The Beauty Myth† written by Naomi Wolf, she describes the mental effects on women from a society that uses weight as a way to keep women submissive. Both of these essays discuss the negative effects on women due to the constant bombardment from society to be skinny. The difference between these essays are the way they deliverRead MoreYour Freedom Is Not Free Essay1645 Words   |  7 Pages these ideals, which they themselves acted upon, might be realized. Thoreaus Walden and Resistance to Civil Government, Douglasss Narrative, and Emersons The American Scholar are reflective, observational and hopeful works which inspire their audiences to interpret and incorporate the ideas found within to their own philosophies concerning personal and national identity. Ralph Waldo Emerson, the oldest of the three was often referred to as the sage of Concord. A talented poet and

Position of Aborigines for Conventions -myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss the position of aborigines and natives under the Malaysian Laws and the International Conventions. Answer: Abstract: In the present research paper an attempt has been made to discuss the position of the aborigines under the Malaysian law and also under the International Conventions that are relevant in this regard. In the present era of globalization and modernization, the indigenous people have to suffer a lot throughout the globe as they are being pushed out of their ancestral lands to make way for development activities. In case of Malaysia also, the Orang Asli or the aboriginal people are politically marginalized and they're not in a position adequately protect their legal rights. The result was that these people were considered as tenants on their own ancestral land. The legal recognition of the rights of the aboriginal people took place in the form of Aboriginal Peoples Act, 1954. But these provisions need to be considered in their historical context. They were introduced when the British colonial government was dealing with communist insurgency. Apart from the legislative movements, there ha ve been certain decisions given by the court that have taken a step forward in the direction of recognizing the legal rights of the aboriginal people of Malaysia. While giving these decisions, the courts also considered the position in other jurisdictions like Australia and Canada. There are international conventions like the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People that those who work for ensuring the legal rights of the aboriginal people. Introduction: The rights of the aboriginal people are inadequately protected in all the states of the world, if at all by the formal legal systems of these countries. While tremendous development is made in the field of modernization and globalization, increasingly the indigenous people are being pushed out of their ancestral lands as the states continue to acquire indigenous land for the purpose of development activities. In case of Malaysia, the term 'Orang Asli' is used to refer the diverse variety of indigenous people were living in peninsular Malaysia. The cultures and societies of these people are closely associated with their ancestral lands. But they have become the victims of a large number of development projects initiated by the government of Malaysia, which encroach on their ancestral lands (Crawford, 2001). Under these circumstances, an attempt has been made in the present research work to evaluate the position of aboriginals and the native people in Malaysia under domes tic law and also the international conventions to which Malaysia is a party. The Orang Asli: It has been claimed that under the modern Malaysian state, the Orang Asli have been politically marginalized, and it could not adequately protect the legal rights of these people. However, the groundbreaking decision given in Sagong Tasi and Ors v Kerajaan Negeri Selangor and Ors (2002), the rights of these people were recognized by the High Court and it was also mentioned that the government of Malaysia had certain obligations and duties towards these people. Before this decision, the government of Malaysia considered the Orang Asli only as the tenants on their ancestral land, who did not have any title to the land and which formerly belonged to the government of Malaysia. Under such circumstances, the rights of Orang Asli were susceptible to revocation by government at any time. In fact, this position was advanced in the court by the State government of Selangor in the above-mentioned case also (Bernama News Agency, 2003). However, this argument of the State governm ent was dismissed by the court and be recognized that the Orang Asli had a native title under the common law. The Orang Asli is less than 0.5% of the multi-cultural and multi-ethnic society of Malaysia. The term Orang Asli had been used for the first time by the colonial British government in Malaysia. The meaning of this term is the 'original people' in Bahasa Malaysia, the native tongue of the Malays. It is also worth mentioning that the land rights of Orang Asli have not been formally codified by the law in Malaysia. On the other hand, these rights have either been ignored or eroded by the federal laws. For example, the National Land Code, 1965 completely denies the presence of the land rights of Orang Asli under the former legal system. This code has been derived from the Torrens land registration system of Australia and provides that all the land is owned by the Malaysian state. The individuals have private land interests only after they are registered in the land registry. On the other hand, the land belonging to Orang Asli had been passed down traditionally from generation to generati on. Therefore it follows beyond the land registration system of Malaysia and hence it technically belongs to the Malaysian State (Kingsbury, 2001 p89). At the same time, the land acquisition act also provides that the government of Malaysia may acquire land. At any time, which includes the land that is occupied under customary right for the objectives mentioned in the Act. Article 3, Land Acquisition Act has been widely interpreted by the courts in Malaysia. The government is not required to specify the exact purpose for which the acquired land is going to be used. The declaration made by the government that the land is going to be acquired for a public purpose can be challenged only due to the reason that the government as either active mala fide or gone beyond its statutory authority and it is worth mentioning that both these grounds are difficult to prove (Nicholas, 2000). Aboriginal People's Act: The recognition of the statutory legal rights of the Orang Asli have been mentioned in the Aboriginal People's Act, 1954. However, these provisions have to be understood in their historical context. This legislation had been enacted by the Colonial Government when it had to deal with the communist insurgency during the pre-independence Malaya. The government was aware of the fact that Orang Asli communities with providing food, intelligence and other support to the Communist insurgents (Yap, 2002)). Some persons from these communities had even joined the Communists and taken up arms against the British. Therefore, with a view to win over the support of Orang Asli, the Department of Aborigines was established by the government (Williams-Hunt, 1995). Similarly, it also established 'jungle forts' with a view to providing health education and welfare to Orang Asli. The Aboriginal People's Act provides the power to the Minister to declare some parts of land has be en protecting the aboriginal reserves. But it is worth mentioning at this point that under the Aboriginal People's Act, Orang Asli are not treated as the legal owners of these reserved areas (Anaya, 1987). Similarly, they does not provide for the payment of compensation by the government of Malaysia in case these reserves are acquired. Hence, while Section 10 of this legislation provides that the government of Malaysia shall and must provide compensation in case of acquiring the crops of Orang Asli, it has only been mentioned in section 11 that compensation 'may' be provided by the authorities for acquiring reserves or areas of the aboriginals (Wiessner, 1999 p58). Therefore, a degree of discretion has been provided to the authorities in this regard. Recent Decisions: The recent decisions given by the Malaysian courts have also tried to provide a formal legal recognition to the rights enjoyed by the Orang Asli within the legal system in which these rides were excluded till now. For example, it was stated by the Johore High Court in Adong Bin Kuwau and Ors v Kerajaan Negeri Johor and Anor (1997) that the native land rights of Orang Asli can be recognized under the common law. For arriving at this conclusion, the court had considered the decisions coming from several other common law countries like Australia and Canada where a formal registration system for land law is followed as is the case with Malaysia. The court further stated that the rights of Orang Asli, have to be decided, keeping in view the traditions of the indigenous people. For this purpose, the court cited the landmark decision given in Mabo. Another groundbreaking decision was given by the Selangor High Court in Sagong Tasi and Ors v Kerajaan Negeri Selangor and Ors (2002). It was held that the native title of Orang Asli to the ancestral lands existed under the common law. International Conventions: Malaysia had voted for the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People (UNDRIP) and it is also endorsed the outcome document from the World Conference on Indigenous People. However, it has not ratified the ILO Convention 169. The ILO Convention 169 requires the nations to recognize the specific cultural and economic rights of indigenous people. Similarly, also requires them to undertake special measures to deal with marginalized and vulnerable groups. However, only 22 nations have ratified this convention, although there are much more constitutions across the world, which provides a special status to the aboriginal people of different extents and with different implications. In this regard, there are three major international instruments focusing on the rights of aboriginals (Stavenhagen, 2002). These are the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People (UNDRIP) and the two ILO Conventions Nos 160 and 107. It is worth mentioning that the provisions mentioned in UNDRIP and the ILO Convention 169 are compatible with each other and mutually reinforcing. UNDRIP has resulted in bringing a remarkable universal change in the protection that is provided to the aboriginal people throughout the world. The UN General Assembly adopted this declaration in 2007. It was passed by 143 states that have voted in favor of the declaration. Conclusion: Malaysia was one of these states that have voted in favor of UNDRIP. Although in the form of a declaration, it is not legally binding per se, but a declaration can be treated as binding to the level that it becomes a part of customary international law, through confirming safe practice and also opinion juris. Customary law can be demonstrated by providing evidence regarding the presence of a general practice that is accepted as law (Ellickson, 1993). In the end, it can be said that still most of the Orang Asli are not aware of their legal rights that have been mentioned in the context of law. Similarly, most of them are not familiar with the process of seeking justice in the present legal system. Therefore they rely on the interpreters of law - lawyers, judges, JHEOA officials and symbols like the actors who need to help them with their everyday struggles. References Anaya, J. (1987) The Capacity of International Law to Advance Ethnic or Minority Claims, Iowa Law Review 75, pp 843 Bernama News Agency (2003) Suhakam Report on Orang Asli Basic Rights Ready Next Week, 15 December 2003 Crawford, J. (2001) The Right to Self-determination in International Law, in Alston, Phillip (eds) Peoples Rights (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Ellickson, R. C (1993) Property in Land, Yale Law Journal 102, p 1315 Kingsbury , B. (2001) Reconciling Five Competing Conceptual Structures of Indigenous Peoples Claims in International and Comparative Law, New York University Journal of International Law and Politics 34, p 89 Nicholas, C. (2000) The Orang Asli and the Contest for Resources: Indigenous Politics, Development and Identity in Peninsula Malaysia, Copenhagen: International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. Stavenhagen, R. (2002) Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of Indigenous Peoples, E/CN.4/2002/97, 4 February 2002, pp 12 Wiessner, S. (1999) Rights and Status of Indigenous Peoples: A Global Comparative and International Analysis, Harvard Human Rights Journal 17, pp 58 126 Yap M. C. (2002) For a Voice the Orang Asli can call their own, Malaysiakini, 312 August 2002. Available at:https://www.malaysiakini.com Williams-Hunt, A. 1995 Land conflicts; Orang Asli ancestral laws and state policies, in: R. Razha (ed.), Indigenous minorities of Peninsular Malaysia; Selected issues and ethnographies, pp. 36-47. Kuala Lumpur: INAS Adong Bin Kuwau and Ors v Kerajaan Negeri Johor and Anor [1997] 1 MLJ 418 Sagong Tasi and Ors v Kerajaan Negeri Selangor and Ors [2002] 2 CLJ 543 Mabo v. Queensland (1992) 175 CLR 1 Kerajaan Negeri Johor Anor v. Adong Kuwau Ors, 2 MLJ 158 (1998

Marine corps motivation Essay Example

Marine corps motivation Essay 10 November 1775: I was born in a bomb crater. My mother was an M16 and my father was the Devil. Each moment that I live is an additional threat upon your life. I eat concertina, piss napalm, and I can shoot a round through a fleas ass at 300 meters. I am a rough looking, roving soldier of the sea. I am cocky, self-centered, overbearing, and do not know the meaning of fear, for I am fear itself. I am a green amphibious monster, made of blood and guts, who arose from the sea, I travel the lobe, festering on anti-Americans everywhere I go for, the love of Mom, Chevrolet, baseball, and apple pie. Im a grunt. Im the dirty, nasty, stinky, sweaty, filthy, beautiful little son of a bitch thats kept wolf away from the door for over 235 years. Im a United States marine, we look like soldiers, talk like sailors, and slap the shit out of both of them. We stole the eagle from the Air Force, the rope from the Army, and the anchor from the Navvy. We will write a custom essay sample on Marine corps motivation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Marine corps motivation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Marine corps motivation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer And on the 7th Day, when God rested, we overran His perimeter, stole the globe, and weve been running the show ever since. Warrior by day, lover by night, drunkard by choice, Marine by God. Simper Fidelis The United States Marine Corps is the best in world, Oorah! mark as favorite buy united states marine corps mugs shirts usmc marine us marine corps the marines eagle globe and anchor by 1stMarDiv January 18, 2011 add a video add an image 253 up, 26 down

Free Essays on Mockingbird

To kill a Mocking Bird could be considered a reliable and unexaggerated portrait of southern American ´s prejudice because the author Harper Lee based Maycomb the setting for the book and the character Atticus. On the real place and people. Monroeville and Harper Lee ´s farther who was a lawyer. Monroeville was also Harper Lee ´s hometown and this gave her reasons to know the socity as deeply as she does. The people of Monroeville and other places in the South America recognised themselves and the part that they played in the society in the book, this illustrates the connection between the society in the 1930 and the fictional narrative. Having the book so accurate, the author can then hit the reader with more impact and can express her views on prejudice and discrimination with stronger force and more focus. The book investigates many types of prejudice. One is the hatred and fear towards the blacks and the violence between them that could break out at any time, for example the lynch mob. The lynch mob were a group of men that threatened to take the law in their own hands and got together to kill Tom Robinson before his trial. It shows the underground violence that surfaces before the rape case starts. It also shows how the lynch mob feel powerful in a group, because they are able to hide behind someone else. Scout doesn ´t understand what their intentions are and sees a face in the crowd and names him. 'Hey, Mr Cunningham ´ she says singling him out from the group. Mr Cunningham realises this and is put in the spotlight and can ´t hide behind anyone. He also realises that an innocent little girl has caught him in action. This puts pressure on Mr Cunningham and makes in take in to account for his actions. This is an effective way to combat this type of prejudice, Scout manages to d isarm Mr Cunningham, and he has to rethink his actions. There are many types of prejudice and they all subtly revolve around the Tom Robinson rape case. F... Free Essays on Mockingbird Free Essays on Mockingbird To kill a Mocking Bird could be considered a reliable and unexaggerated portrait of southern American ´s prejudice because the author Harper Lee based Maycomb the setting for the book and the character Atticus. On the real place and people. Monroeville and Harper Lee ´s farther who was a lawyer. Monroeville was also Harper Lee ´s hometown and this gave her reasons to know the socity as deeply as she does. The people of Monroeville and other places in the South America recognised themselves and the part that they played in the society in the book, this illustrates the connection between the society in the 1930 and the fictional narrative. Having the book so accurate, the author can then hit the reader with more impact and can express her views on prejudice and discrimination with stronger force and more focus. The book investigates many types of prejudice. One is the hatred and fear towards the blacks and the violence between them that could break out at any time, for example the lynch mob. The lynch mob were a group of men that threatened to take the law in their own hands and got together to kill Tom Robinson before his trial. It shows the underground violence that surfaces before the rape case starts. It also shows how the lynch mob feel powerful in a group, because they are able to hide behind someone else. Scout doesn ´t understand what their intentions are and sees a face in the crowd and names him. 'Hey, Mr Cunningham ´ she says singling him out from the group. Mr Cunningham realises this and is put in the spotlight and can ´t hide behind anyone. He also realises that an innocent little girl has caught him in action. This puts pressure on Mr Cunningham and makes in take in to account for his actions. This is an effective way to combat this type of prejudice, Scout manages to d isarm Mr Cunningham, and he has to rethink his actions. There are many types of prejudice and they all subtly revolve around the Tom Robinson rape case. F...

How to Determine the Equation of a Line

How to Determine the Equation of a Line There are many instances in science and math in which you will need to determine the equation of a line. In chemistry, youll use linear equations in gas calculations, when analyzing rates of reaction, and when performing Beers Law calculations. Here are a quick overview and example of how to determine the equation of a line from (x,y) data. There are different forms of the equation of a line, including the standard form, point-slope form, and slope-line intercept form. If you are asked to find the equation of a line and are not told which form to use, the point-slope or slope-intercept forms are both acceptable options. Standard Form of the Equation of a Line One of the most common ways to write the equation of a line is: Ax By C where A, B, and C are real numbers Slope-Intercept Form of the Equation of a Line A linear equation or equation of a line has the following form: y mx b m: slope of the line; m Δx/Δy b: y-intercept, which is where the line crosses the y-axis; b yi  - mxi The y-intercept is written as the point  (0,b). Determine the Equation of a Line Determine the equation of a line using the following (x,y) data. (-2,-2), (-1,1), (0,4), (1,7), (2,10), (3,13) First calculate the slope m, which is the change in y divided by the change in x: y Δy/Δx y [13 - (-2)]/[3 - (-2)] y 15/5 y 3 Next calculate the y-intercept: b yi  - mxi b (-2) - 3*(-2) b -2 6 b 4 The equation of the line is y mx b y 3x 4 Point-Slope Form of the Equation of a Line In the point-slope form, the equation of a line has slope m and passes through the point (x1, y1). The equation is given using: y - y1 m(x - x1) where m is the slope of the line and (x1, y1) is the given point Determine the Equation of a Line Find the equation of a line passing through points (-3, 5) and (2, 8). First determine the slope of the line. Use the formula: m (y2 - y1) / (x2 - x1)m (8 - 5) / (2 - (-3))m (8 - 5) / (2 3)m 3/5 Next use the point-slope formula. Do this by choosing one of the points, (x1, y1) and putting this point and the slope into the formula. y - y1 m (x - x1)y - 5 3/5 (x - (-3))y - 5 3/5 (x 3)y - 5 (3/5)(x 3) Now you have the equation in point-slope form. You could proceed to write the equation in slope-intercept form if you wish to see the y-intercept. y - 5 (3/5)(x 3)y - 5 (3/5)x 9/5y (3/5)x 9/5 5y (3/5)x 9/5 25/5y (3/5)x 34/5 Find the y-intercept by setting x0 in the equation of the line. The y-intercept is at the point (0, 34/5).

E-commerce as a Business-to-Consumer International Market Entry Essay

E-commerce as a Business-to-Consumer International Market Entry Strategy - Essay Example In the following paper I will be examining e-commerce in terms of marketing entry strategy and business-to-consumer operations. Marketing mix and strategies for effective product distribution through the channel of e-commerce is reviewed to cover the topic. Ultimately, conclusions and recommendations end up the paper. As illustrated in Figure 1, business to consumer (B2C) refers to the selling of goods and/or services directly to consumers by businesses. The classic example is Amazon (www.amazon.com) which offers in excess of 1.5 million book titles online and has extended its sales into other products, including music CDs, videos and games. Business to business (B2B) refers to the selling of goods and/or services by one company to another as part of their supply chain, and is likely to contribute to at least 80 per cent of the growth of e-Commerce in the next five years. An example is Marshalls (www.marshalls.com). There are significant overlaps between Internet strategy and Internet marketing, particularly if a company adopts a broad perspective of marketing by engendering customer focus throughout the business, as described above. Indeed, the two terms can be regarded as synonymous. Chaffey (2002) regards Internet marketing as a subset of Internet strategy that he calls 'sell-side e-commerce', meaning that it focuses on building relationships with customers, in parallel with 'buy-side e-commerce' that focuses on supply chain management. Chen (2001) regards Internet marketing as dealing with operational rather than strategic issues, but includes customer relationship management in the 'operational' category. In this book, we use the term 'Internet marketing' in a broad sense, while still distinguishing strategic aspects and operational aspects. Usually, when speaking of B2C operations, the business of e-retail is implied in the term. The business of e-retail has been defined as the sale of goods and services via Internet or other electronic channels, for personal or household use by consumers (Harris and Dennis, 2002). This definition includes all e-commerce activities that result in transactions with end consumers (rather than business customers), i.e. B2C rather than B2B. Some e-marketing activities that do not directly involve transactions, such as providing (free) information or promoting brands and image, are considered to be part of B2C but are not normally considered as being within the scope of e-retail. Despite the dot.com crash of 2000, e-retailing has been growing, particularly for the 'top eight' categories that account for three-quarters of all European sales. These major growth areas comprise: books, music and DVD movies, groceries, sex products, games and software, electronic and computer equipment, travel, and clothes. Disadvantages of E-Commerce as an international marketing entry strategy Over perceived benefits of E-Commerce as an international market entry strategy that will be discussed later in this paper, this kind of product or service distribution has its disadvantages. Retailers, for example, may lack the technical know-how, the substantial investment required or

Labor Union Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Labor Union Relations - Essay Example One should believe that labor unions would not come into existence if the two-tier wage systems are kept at a safe distance from the shores of the organization. This is a classic case of understanding the employees’ perspectives where the main emphasis is on setting things right and thus making all the employees feel well with the operational policies and standard wage structures. However this hardly happens and the end result leads up to a good amount of problems for the two tiers, and in essence the employees and labors themselves who feel the pinch in the best of times. More than anything else, it is the resilience of the organization which is not easily digested by the labor unions which are against the dictum of having two-tier wage systems in place. This is something that does not go down well with the people at large within the aegis of an organization that has seriously adopted the incorporation of two tiers within its wage systems. The element of fairness or the lack thereof creeps into the equation for all the right reasons. The labor unions usually fight for the sake of having a wage system which is based on fairness and does not have any problems for all and sundry.

Wireless Technologies Proposal Essay Example for Free

Wireless Technologies Proposal Essay Wireless technologies include both wireless devices, such as smart phones, and wireless transmission media, such as microwave, satellite, and radio. These technologies are fundamentally changing the ways organizations operate and do business. Individuals are finding it convenient and productive to use wireless devices for several reasons. First, they can make productive use of time that was formerly wasted (for example, while commuting to work on public transportation). Second, because they can take these devices with them, their work locations are becoming much more flexible. Third, wireless technology enables them to allocate their working time around personal and professional obligations. The first recommendation will be Wireless Fidelity (or Wi-Fi), which is a medium-range wireless local area network (WLAN), which is basically a wired LAN but without the cables. In a typical configuration, a transmitter with an antenna, called a wireless access point, connects to a wired LAN or to satellite dishes that provide an Internet connection. A wireless access point provides service to a number of users within a small geographical perimeter. Wi-Fi will provide fast and easy Internet or intranet broadband access from anywhere in the office offices. Users can access the Internet while walking around the office. In addition, users can access Wi-Fi with their laptops, desktops, or PDAs by adding a wireless network card. Most PC and laptop manufacturers incorporate these cards directly in their PCs. Second recommendation will be cellular telephones or smart phones, and tablets; cellular telephones use radio waves to provide two-way communication. The cell phone communicates with radio antennas placed within adjacent geographic areas called cells. A telephone message is transmitted to the local cell by the cell phone and then is passed from cell to cell until it reaches the cell of its destination. At this final cell, the message is either transmitted to the receiving cell phone or is transferred to the public switched telephon e system to be transmitted to a wireless telephone. This is why you can use a cell phone to call both other cell phones and standard wireless phones. Cell phones a great way to for your employee to communicate around the office and as well outside during business sales. Smart phones supports videos; web browsing, and instant messaging. Some disadvantage will be that some plans are relatively expensive, and most carriers’ limit how much you can download and what the service can be used for. For instance, some carriers prohibit  downloading or streaming audio or video. If you go beyond the limits, the carriers reserve the right to cut off your service. Smart phone are good for on the go. When in-between meets or at work, with a smart phone are can access emails, the internet, and just about anything else. Smart phones can have access to banking, calendars, and other app that is needed. Smart phone come in different sizes and colors. With a tablet you can have it with internet services or not. Tablet can do just about anything you want it do. There are programs that allow you to type papers, read, and recorded any video that is needed. Tablets are small and weigh just about nothing, so there easy to travel with. Tablet can range from any size on the screen to any size for memoir. We believe these two devices would work for a small company, because they are cost effective simple to work on the go. The risks that you take in wireless technologies is if you use a network that is not security enabled there is a chance of somebody else being able to access your information. It also gives the owner of the network to see what pages and different activities that have been being done on that network. There are risks like that, but that would mostly happen when using a hotspot or WiFi that has an open connection to the public.

A Feminist Perspective of Kate Chopins The Story of an Hour Essay

A Feminist Perspective of Kate Chopin's The Story of an Hour Kate Chopin employs the tool of irony in "The Story of an Hour" to carefully convey the problem inherent in women's unequal role in marital relationships. Chopin develops a careful plot in order to demonstrate this idea, one not socially acceptable at the end of the 19th century, and unfortunately, a concept that still does not appreciate widespread acceptance today, 100 years later as we near the end of the 20th century. Louise Mallard's death, foreshadowed in the initial line "Knowing that Mrs. Mallard was afflicted with heart trouble" takes on quite a different meaning when the plot twists and the context of her sudden death is presented unexpectedly, not upon her shock at her husband's death, but instead in her inability to endure the fact that he lives. While Chopin's employment of irony presents a socially unaccepted concept in a more acceptable format, it is the author's use of perspective that increases the impact of her message. Chopin's point might be lost, perhaps entirely, if the reader were not informed from Louise's viewpoint. While the other characters are oblivious to her actual joy in death, although it is described as such "When the doctors came they said she had died of heart disease - of joy that kills," their definition of this joy equates to her love for her husband. In contrast, because Chopin writes from the perspective of Louise, we understand that the intermittent love she feels for her husband, love itself dismissed as the "unsolved mystery," pales in comparison to the joy she feels upon the discovery that she can now live with the "possession of self-assertion which she suddenly recognized as the strongest impulse of her being." .. ...for his wife Louise, Chopin writes to stress the problematic assumption inherent in an unequal relationship in which one individual exercises their "powerful will" to bend others. Louise Mallard finds personal strength in her husband's death, ready to face the world as a whole person "She breathed a quick prayer that life might be long. It was only yesterday (prior to her husband's death) she had thought with a shudder that life might be long." The strength conveyed in the image of Louise carrying "herself unwittingly like a goddess of Victory" is unmistakable. However, the irony that her husband lives, and therefore, she cannot, conveys the limited options socially acceptable for women. Once Louise Mallard recognizes her desire to "live for herself," and the impossibility of doing so within the bounds of her marriage, her heart will not allow her to turn back.

Poe vs. Dickens

Poe vs. Dickens (Battle of Authors) Edgar Allen Poe has a better way of describing his emotions on to paper, his tone is dark and depressing yet gives into a little anger here and there. Charles Dickens has also dark and emotional stories growing up poor he must have a few little glimpses of pain but he became wealthy in time. Poe was born wealthy and became poor as he grew older, and if that was not enough sadness, every loved one he had died most of tuberculosis so he drank and wrote stories to cope with the pain of being alone and loveless.Poe always introduced his characters as the ones with murderous intent and seeking revenge against a person who maybe insulted the m in a way. Dickens starts his stories with characters but his characters weren’t â€Å"Insane† they were normal going about their lives, Poe’s stories always had an amazing plot and a killer with some thrills, horrifying thoughts, and vivid pictures that he painted with his words.Some stories ha d characters who learned their lessons and became a better person, they get second chances in Charles’ stories yet in Poe’s if you treat the main character wrong, you will most likely die, I am referring to â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado†. Dickens has mostly emotional tones that end with happiness and rainbows, Poe had almost no happy stories, his tone was anger, confusion, sadness, betrayal, and mysterious, such as in the book â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart†.Poe wrote about murder often that mostly gave off the feeling of fear you could feel every last word echo inside you as he continued to describe in great detail murders that came from his own mind, I haven’t read any Dickens’ books like that. Dickens’ stories have a great deal of foreshadowing in them, he always had kept the audience guessing what was going to happen next, Poe also used foreshadowing ,his story â€Å"The Raven†. â€Å"Tapping at my chamber door; Only this and n othing more (Stanza 1 line 5/6)†. Dickens mostly used the theme of lessons, you do something wrong, learn lesson, problem fixed.Comparing Poe to Dickens is like comparing a graveyard to a hospital, sure they have a few similarities but it’s missing something, Poe’s lesson was don’t mess with people, if you hurt someone you will hurt right back, or to put it in simple terms equivalent exchange. Dickens was a great author but compared to Poe his books should be read in a preschools, Edgar Allen Poe was ahead of his time, his imagination dared to reach into the darkest depths of his mind, he brought nightmares to life and completely changed the meaning of sadness, I believe Poe was one of the greatest authors of all time.

Financial Accounts The Assignment Liam O’Brady

Financial Accounts The Assignment Liam O’Brady owns a business selling musical instruments. The following trial balance has been extracted from the books of account at 31 October 2012. DrCr Bank balance19281 Capital balance as at 1 November 201161489 Carriage inwards480 Carriage outwards2110 Discounts664811 Drawings28650 Fixtures and fittings – at cost62200 Fixtures and fitting – provision for depreciation27990 General expenses7436 Insurance1158 Purchases and sales129745206543 Rent and rates10926 Returns375619 Inventory at 1 November 201148560Accounts receivable and payable1128516407 Wages and salaries29551 333140333140 Additional information: W ages owing to employees at the period end amounted to ? 830. The accountants invoice for preparing the full accounts is expected to be ? 720 Liam plays drums as a hobby. During the year, he took various items from the business for his own use. The items had a cost price of ? 1760 The landlord charges a total of ? 8000 pe r annum and the local authority levies rates at ? 2400 per annum. Included in Accounts Receivable is an invoiced amount of ? 207.This has been outstanding for almost 12 months, and Liam accepts that it will not be paid. He also anticipates that 5% of the Accounts Receivable balance might not be paid. He thinks that provision should be made for this now. Liam has recently discovered a small number of invoices which he paid for with his personal credit. Card. They total ? 642 and are mostly for materials used to repair the shop counter. Depreciation is to be provided on fixtures and fittings at 20% per annum using the straight line basis. During the year, Liam purchased a light van for ? 4200.This is to be included in the business and depreciation provided at 25% per annum using the reducing balance basis. Stocks as at 31 October 2012 According to the stock records as at 7 November 2012, the stock, valued at cost, came to ? 55630. During November sales of ? 3225 were recorded, as were purchases of ? 2300. The following matters also need to be taken into consideration: Eight classical guitars costing ? 220 each need to be repaired before they can be sold. It is expected that each guitar will cost ? 35 to repair and that they can then be sold for ? 260 each. Two drum kits, costing ? 00, would normally sell for ? 1200. They have been â€Å"on sale† at ? 1175 each for several months. It is decided to drop the sale price even further to ? 975 each and to re-skin some of the drums at a total cost of ? 130. According to the stock records, there are 27 recorders, with a value of ? 4 each. The stock-take revealed that there were only 22 recorders. G hjkjhlhljhjn Liam O’BradyRequired tasks Task 1 Review the additional information items and prepare the journals that will be required. Each journal is to include a brief description indicating why it is required. Task 2Stock is to be valued in accordance with accepted accounting practice. State what the standard practice is. Prepare a memorandum note for Liam O’Brady explaining any adjustments you propose to make to the stated stock value (? 55630). State the final stock value that you propose to use. Show any workings. Task 3 Using the information given above prepare the Income Statement (Trading, profit and loss account) for the year ended 31 October 2012 and Statement of Financial Position (Balance sheet) as at 31 October 2012 Task 4 Liam O’Brady has used a manual accounting system for several years.After meeting with fellow businessmen at a local Chamber of Commerce workshop, he is now thinking about computerising the accounts and sales control aspects of his record systems. He is asking for your comments / advice about the matter. After carrying out suitable research, you are to prepare a formal report for Mr O’Brady which identifies possible advantages and disadvantages of computerising the accounts function. You are not required to identify, or be familiar with, any particular accounting software package that is in the marketplace. SUBMISSION DATE:Thursday 14 January 2013

Activation Energy (Ea) Chemistry Definition

Activation Energy (Ea) Chemistry Definition Activation energy is the  minimum amount of energy required to initiate a reaction. It is the height of the potential energy barrier between the potential energy minima of the reactants and products. Activation energy  is denoted by Ea and typically has units of kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol) or kilocalories per mole (kcal/mol). The term activation energy was introduced by the Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius in 1889. The Arrhenius equation relates activation energy to the rate at which a chemical reaction proceeds: k Ae-Ea/(RT) where k is the reaction rate coefficient, A is the frequency factor for the reaction, e is the irrational number (approximately equal to 2.718), Ea is the activation energy, R is the universal gas constant, and T is the absolute temperature (Kelvin). From the Arrhenius equation, it can be seen that the rate of reaction changes according to temperature. Normally, this means a chemical reaction proceeds more quickly at a higher temperature. There are, however, a few cases of negative activation energy, where the rate of a reaction decreases with temperature. Why Is Activation Energy Needed? If you mix together two chemicals, only a small number of collisions will naturally occur between the reactant molecules to make products. This is particularly true if the molecules have low kinetic energy. So, before a significant fraction of reactants can be converted into products, the free energy of the system must be overcome. The activation energy gives the reaction that little extra push needed to get going. Even exothermic reactions require activation energy to get started. For example, a stack of wood wont start burning on its own. A lit match can provide the activation energy to start combustion. Once the chemical reaction starts, the heat released by the reaction provides the activation energy to convert more reactant into product. Sometimes a chemical reaction proceeds without adding any additional energy. In this case, the activation energy of the reaction is usually supplied by heat from the ambient temperature. Heat increases the motion of the reactant molecules, improving their odds of colliding with each other and increasing the force of the collisions. The combination makes it more likely bonds between reactant will break, allowing for the formation of products. Catalysts and Activation Energy A substance that lowers the activation energy of a chemical reaction is called a catalyst. Basically, a catalyst acts by modifying the transition state of a reaction. Catalysts are not consumed by the chemical reaction and they dont change the equilibrium constant of the reaction. Relationship Between Activation Energy and Gibbs Energy Activation energy is a term in the Arrhenius equation used to calculate the energy needed to overcome the transition state from reactants to products. The Eyring equation is another relation that describes the rate of reaction, except instead of using activation energy, it includes Gibbs energy of the transition state. The Gibbs energy of the transition state factors in both enthalpy and entropy of a reaction. Activation energy and Gibbs energy are related, but not interchangeable.

Raising Biracial Children to Be Well-Adjusted

Raising Biracial Children to Be Well-Adjusted Biracial children have existed in the United States since colonial times. America’s first child of dual African and European heritage was reportedly born in 1620. Despite the long history, biracial children have in the U.S., opponents to interracial unions insist on invoking the â€Å"tragic mulatto myth to justify their views. This myth suggests that biracial children will inevitably grow into tortured misfits angry that they fit into neither black nor white society. While mixed-race children certainly face challenges, raising well-adjusted biracial children is quite possible if parents are proactive and sensitive to their children’s needs. Reject Myths About Mixed-Race Kids Want to raise mixed-race children who thrive? Your attitude can make all the difference. Challenge the idea that multiethnic children are destined for a life of difficulty by identifying successful Americans of mixed race such as actors Keanu Reeves and Halle Berry, news anchors Ann Curry and Soledad O’Brien, athletes Derek Jeter and Tiger Woods, and politicians Bill Richardson and Barack Obama. It’s also helpful to consult studies that debunk the tragic mulatto myth. For example, the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry  posits that â€Å"multiracial children do not differ from other children in self-esteem, comfort with themselves, or a number of psychiatric problems.† On the contrary, AACAP has found that mixed children tend to celebrate diversity and appreciate an upbringing in which various cultures played a part. Celebrate Your Child’s Multiethnic Heritage Which biracial kids have the best chance of success? Research indicates that they’re the kids allowed to embrace all components of their heritage. Multiracial children forced to choose a single-race identity tend to suffer from this inauthentic expression of self. Unfortunately, society often pressures mixed-race individuals to choose just one race because of the outdated â€Å"one-drop rule† which mandated that Americans with any African heritage be classified as black. It wasn’t until 2000 that the U.S. Census Bureau allowed citizens to identify as more than one race. That year the Census found that about 4% of children in the U.S. are multiracial. How mixed children racially identify depends on a number of factors, including physical features and family attachments. Two multiethnic siblings who look as if they belong to different races may not identify the same way. Parents, however, can teach children that racial identity is more complicated than what someone looks like on the outside. In addition to physical appearance, mixed children may choose a racial identity based on which parent they spend time with most. This especially proves true when interracial couples separate, causing their children to see one parent more than the other. Spouses who take an interest in their mate’s cultural backgrounds will be more equipped to teach children about all aspects of their heritage should divorce occur. Familiarize yourself with the customs, religions, and languages that play roles in your mate’s background. On the other hand, if you’re alienated from your own cultural heritage but want your children to recognize it, visit older family members, museums and your country of origin (if applicable) to learn more. This will enable you to pass traditions on to your kids. Choose a School That Celebrates Cultural Diversity Your children likely spend just as much time in school as they do with you. Create the best educational experience possible for multiracial children by enrolling them in a school that celebrates cultural diversity. Talk to teachers about the books they keep in the classroom and the general education curriculum. Suggest that teachers keep books in the classroom that feature multiethnic characters. Donate such books to the school if the library lacks them. Talk to teachers about ways to counteract racist bullying in the classroom. Parents can also improve their children’s experience in school by discussing with them the types of challenges they’re likely to face. For example, classmates may ask your child, â€Å"What are you?† Talk to children about the best way to answer such questions. Mixed-race children are also commonly asked if they’re adopted when seen with a parent. There’s a scene in the 1959 film â€Å"Imitation of Life† in which a teacher openly disbelieves that a black woman is the mother to a little girl in her class who looks like she’s completely white. In some instances, a biracial child may appear to be from an entirely different ethnic group than either parent. Many Eurasian children are mistaken for Latino, for example. Prepare your children to deal with the shock classmates and teachers may express upon discovering their racial background. Teach them not to hide who they are in order to fit in with mono-racial students. Live in a Multicultural Neighborhood If you have the means, seek to live in an area where diversity is the norm. The more diverse a city is, the higher the chances that a number of interracial couples and multiethnic children live there. Although living in such an area won’t guarantee that your children never face problems because of their heritage, it lessens the odds that your child will be viewed as an anomaly and your family subjected to rude stares and other bad behavior when out and about.

Tower of Pisa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Tower of Pisa - Essay Example As suggested by Puzrin, Alonso and Pinyol (2010), experts have not been agreeing on the problem leading to the failure of the project. Some argue that it is static while others argue that it was the ground sinking or the effects of the design used by the particular architect. The main cause of the leaning is attributed to the reaction of composite clay, sand, and shells on which the tower is built on. The tower was prone to two major risks one being a failure in the structure of the fragile masonry and toppling as a result of the breaking up the of the foundation’s subsoil. One of the solutions put in place to counter this problem was the installation of a counterweight on the northern side of the base of the tower so as to stop the tilting. This solution did not succeed and therefore another solution was initiated in 1995. This involved inserting compressed steel cables and the same compressing was done to the subsoil. This instead increased the leaning of the tower. After th e period of structural restoration, the tower is now undergoing surface restoration so as to repair visual damage especially corrosion and darkening. In 1964 the Italian government requested for assistance in saving the tower from collapsing, however it was considered to leave the tilt as it was vital for promoting tourism in the city of Pisa, as suggested by D’Alfonso (2005) Owing to the failure of the solutions used for restoring the tilting of the tower, the Italian commission embarked on a subsoil study program in 1965.

Human Resurces Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Human Resurces - Essay Example As a new intern, I was always impatient over such realities but learnt to allow myself time to adapt to my new environment. I observed that the workers who had mentors became accustomed to standard routines at a much faster rate than those who, like myself, for one purpose or another did not. I observed that interns with mentors were inspired by their mentors’ confidence in their abilities and made more efforts to learn about their new organisations than did the rest of us. Their mentors also invested time in coaching and encouraging the interns, thus transferring their work skills to the new workers (Forster 2005). It was obvious that organisational objectives can only be accomplished through the collective input of all employees, regardless of rank. Reflective and Reflexive Practice In most of my placements, I was a part of a team or group that was responsible for accomplishing certain objectives. I would have a time for personal reflection during which I considered my role in the group work and how to best accomplish my responsibilities. After this, I was able to put the gleanings from personal reflection into practice. I would then express my ideas about my emerging awareness about my role in group sessions. In each of these team sessions, team members shared on how they believed that their contributions would affect the realisation of company goals on a daily basis. After sharing with others about such experiences, the interns would then return to implement the suggestions from the group session, and then reflect all over again (Hofstede 2003). As interns, we all benefited from the collective practices suggested as well as the individual actions taken by all of us. My personal ideals actually influenced how I interpreted corporate decisions and policies. At times my personal values were at odds with some organisational maxims. At such time, I would actively seek for the opinions of other who I knew had also experienced some measure of conflict durin g the integration process. From them, I learnt that this is a perfectly normal occurrence which is faced by almost all interns during their orientation. These ‘older’ workers also helped me to discover ways in which I could make company ideals my own or change my own views to suit them. Reflexivity is descriptive of the process whereby a person’s self-awareness is developed to the place where reflection is swiftly followed by a response with no time in the middle (Guest and Conway 2004). Reflexive employees will make be confronted by problems and quickly find solutions for them with consistency. When such personnel come across policies that they oppose, they possess the vital self awareness to recognise their disagreement and express it in a comprehensible manner to all (Brooks 2003). This is a quality that I took time to develop during my internship. It only came after I had understood the basic functions of company operations. Moreover, it was obvious to me tha t this was a vital part for employees to be able to relate well with colleagues as well as accomplish their tasks (Debra and Quick 2006). Training was not the only thing that resulted in the reflexive trait being witnessed in employees; each individual employee had to learn at his or her own pace. Some researchers have in the past claimed that training and development practices in organisations ought to be combined as equal

India’s Classical Age Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

India’s Classical Age - Essay Example It is believed that Kalidasa was one of the nine gems in the court of the great Vikramaditya. Therefore, it is evident that some influence of the socio-political elements of the period can be traced in the plot of the great drama as no literature is free from the local and contemporary social influences. The great drama by Kalidasa, in the similar fashion, captivates the rich and glorious heritage of India and its tradition. We come to know that kings were fond of hunting and as the opening scene shows the king set out for hunting and chasing the antelopes, Sakoontala indeed is a great material to be incorporated as a film. The plot of the drama and its narrative structure captivates great dramatic element. Along with that character portrayal and character development of the drama give the play a total cinematic dimension. All the characters are portrayed brilliantly and coherently for the support of the plot and its development. A thorough focus on the main characters that of Sakoontala and Dushyanta launches its readers to a better understanding of the play incorporated as a film. The tender and innocent Sakoontala at the lap of nature falls in love with the king. Her love is fresh and pure as the nature. Amid the charm of the nature and enchantment of the nature girl Sakoontala, the king is enamoured in the love of the nature and the young tender girl with the ferocity of lightening and charm of an antelope. But their departure and the trajectory which the tender girl from the lap of the nature, Sakoontala undertakes launch her to a n evolved character of a matured fighter of her social rights and give a complete coherence to the plot and trajectory of the character development. On the other hand, the character transformation of Dushyanta, the king also is worth appreciation. His journey from falling in love to forgetting it and finding the lost love once more supports the plot development and trajectory of Sakoontala’s character equally

Introduction Globalization And Expatriation Management Essay

Introduction Globalization And Expatriation Management Essay Literature review is a summary of past paper that conducted by the previous researchers and explanation about the terms involve during this study. It aims on the critical points of current knowledge on a particular topic. This chapter is important because it can be a guideline on how the study can be done. Simon Reich states that, globalization constitutes a multiplicity of linkages and interconnections that transcend the nation states (and by implication the societies) which make up the modern world system. It defines a process through which events, decisions and activities in one part of the world can come to have a significant consequence for individuals and communities in quite distant parts of the globe. According Laurence E. Rothenberg, globalization is the acceleration and intensification of interaction and integration among the people, companies and governments of different nations. According to Farhad Nezhad Haj Ali Irani globalization typically refers to the process by which different economies and societies become more closely integrated, and concurrent with increasing worldwide globalization, there has been much research into its consequences According to Britannica Concise Encyclopedia, globalization is a process by which the experience of everyday life, marked by the diffusion of commodities and ideas, is becoming standardized around the world. Factors that have contributed to globalization include increasingly sophisticated communications and transportation technologies and services, mass migration and the movement of peoples, a level of economic activity that has outgrown national markets through industrial combinations and commercial groupings that cross national frontiers and international agreements that reduce the cost of doing business in foreign countries. Defined broadly, globalization is the process of integrating nations and peoples-politically, economically, and culturally-into a larger community (Gale Encyclopedia of US Foreign Policy). With business becoming increasingly global, employees with international experience have become an increasing important issue for multinational corporations (Hyder and LÃ ¶ vblad, 2007). We live in a world in which barriers to cross border trade and investment are declining. Transportation and telecommunication technologies are constantly making the world feel smaller. Material culture seems similar the world over; and national economies are merging into an interdependent, integrated and global economic system. Globalization is the reason for this incredible shift (Hills, 2007). It is a process that describes the integration of the world community into a common social or economic community. In laymans terms, globalization means the free flow of goods and services across borders (Joanne Claire Miranda, 2009). Globalization has resulted not just in goods and services travelling across borders. It has also resulted in people moving across borders for better employment opportunities and thus better wages (Joanne Claire Miranda, 2009). Due to that, it gives positive and negative effects. Positively, people move easily to benefit from their skills and experience. Firms are able to enter new market. Negatively, however, as firms enter these new industries or markets, they lack the skills and expertise required for that industry and they face not only the challenge of sourcing for the right candidate but also there is no guarantee that there would be continuity of service by the skilled staff. The right candidate should be able to work in the present environment as well as be able to teach the team members. If this is not managed properly, it may well become firms biggest obstacle. In order for these companies to have the competitive edge in this global marketplace, they need to have the right p erson at the right posting (Hills, 2007). The effects of globalization have resulted in the number of expatriates rising in the developing countries including Malaysia. When Aida and Maimunah did their study on Cross Cultural Challenges and Adjustment among Expatriates in Malaysia, 1999 (Aida and Maimunah, 2007) the number of expatriates they reported was 21,859, a figure they obtained from the Immigration Statistics. In October 2007, the immigration record showed the total number of expatriates in Malaysia is at 35, 583. Expatriation in Malaysia is not a new phenomenon. The country has gone through three waves or phases of incoming expatriates. The first group of expatriates that came to Malaysia is the Britons. They were found in private sector and big organizations such as Shell, ICI, Dunlop, Guthries, Harrison and Crosfield and British Petroleum. Other than that, in the government sector, the expatriates are mainly posted as advisors, diplomats, academics and technical specialists. The second phase of expatriates came from United States of America and other European countries whom were assigned in large multinationals such as, Phillips, Siemens, Volvo, Nestle and Esso. Finally, the third wave of expatriates came to Malaysia which were mainly represented by the Asian group of managers mainly from Japan, Taiwan and Korea along with some other European and American expatriates. This third wave resulted from the Look East policy by the Government in 1980s as well as due to closer relations with Austra lia and the Newly Industrialized Countries in Asia specifically, along with the high growth of electronics industry in Malaysia. (Aida and Maimunah, 2000) 2.2 Expatriation Cycle 2.1.1 Pre-departure The pre-departure phase involved effective selection and preparation of expatriate. Most often expatriates are selected from within the corporation. The rationale is that current managers possess the technical expertise and they are more in sync with the companys culture. (Maali H. Ashamalla, 1998) According to Luftans and Doh, making an effective selection decision for an overseas assignment can prove to be a major problem. Typically, this decision is based on international selection criteria which are factors used to choose international characters. Those criteria are:- a) Adaptability to cultural change Overseas managers must be able to adapt to change. They also need the degree of cultural toughness. Research shows that many managers exhilarated at the beginning of their assignment. After a few months, however, a form of culture shock creeps in. b) Physical and emotional health Most organizations require that their overseas managers have good physical and emotional health. The psychological ability of individuals to with-stand culture shock also would be considered as would the current marital status as it affects the individuals ability to cope in a foreign environment. c) Age, experience and education There is evidence that younger managers are more eager for international assignments because they tend to be more worldly and have a greater appreciation of other cultures than older managers do. On top of that, many companies consider an academic degree, preferably a graduate degree to be of critical importance to an international executive. d) Language training Language can be a very critical factor and international experts have referred to it as a most effective indirect method of learning about a country. e) Motivation for foreign assignment Although individuals being sent overseas should have a desire to work abroad, this is usually is not sufficient motivation. Experts believe that candidate also must believe in the importance of the job. Other than that, applicants who are unhappy with their current situation, desire for adventure or a pioneering spirit, desire to increase ones chance for promotion and the opportunity to improve ones economic status are also viewed as great motivators. f) Spouses and dependents or work-family issues Experts believe that if the family is not happy, the manager often performs poorly and may either be terminated or simply decide to leave the organization. However, according to Maali H, Ashamalia, qualities that are looked for are:- a) Cultural empathy The ability to appreciate and respect beliefs, values, behaviors and business practices of individuals and groups from other culture. b) Awareness of environment constraint In a foreign country, an expatriate is faced with unfamiliar sets of environmental forces that can be very different from those of the home country. Ability to identify forces and function within their constraints becomes instrumental to the expatriates for effective decision making. c) Interpersonal skills These skills involve effective verbal and non-verbal communications, the capacity to build trust and the ability to utilize referent power in managing within a foreign environment. It also involved the understanding of differences in value orientations such as in the power distance orientation identified by Hofstede. d) Managerial and Decision Making abilities It is highly required particularly when a manager is operating under conditions of isolation or physical distances from the centre of decision making in the home office. These competencies are also necessary in situations where expatriates have full autonomy in their foreign positions. e) Other crucial qualities Foreign language proficiency, flexibility, adaptability, entrepreneurship, self-motivation, tolerance for ambiguity, and sensitivity to world events and their impact on long-range perspectives of the business are considered as crucial qualities for expatriates selection. Other than that, Ashamalla also argued that a rigorous selection program should also include the utilization of appropriate selection devices, consideration of the candidates self-evaluation, time devoted for the selection process where it must be adequate and strategic evaluation of the overseas operations on a frequent basis. The selection plan should also include the expatriate family. In addition, intensity of intercultural relation, pre-departure preparation, cultural training, multicultural personality, and technical competent and socio cultural knowledge is vital in order to determine expatriate, spouse and family adjustment effectiveness (Awang-Rozaimie, 2011) 2.1.2 During Assignment Support during the assignment is believed to be essential for moral and psychological sustenance as well as for performance effectiveness of international managers. Superiors and HR professionals in the home office need to give adequate consideration to the importance of keeping in close touch with their expatriates and providing them and their families with the needed support. A major source of concern for the manager while abroad is the loss of visibility to those in the home office. Sense of isolation from the domestic realities of the firm and feelings of being away for the corporate centers of the power are other sources of concern for managers while on overseas assignments. During assignment, support may involve a wide range of formal and informal activities. (Maali H. Ashamalla, 1998) On the other hands, the Brookfields Global Relocation Trends Survey 2010 indicated that, six percent of international assignments fail. Therefore, it is essential for expatriates to understand specific psychological traits of Malaysian that contributed to their business performance. Primarily, cultural competency support expatriates psychological well-being and socio cultural adaptabilities (Awang- Rozaimie, 2011) However, adapting to the new environment takes several months. A model developed by Oberg (1960) describes expatriate adaptation as a four-phases process. These phases are honeymoon, culture shock, recovery and adjustment. Going through these phases in the long run results into successful adaptation in the new environment (Teodora G. Nikolaeva, 2010) Table 1: Obergs phases of adaptation a) Honeymoon The first phase of this process is the so called honeymoon phase (Oberg, 1960). This stage usually lasts from several days to several weeks and is characterized by the positive attitude of the expatriates about the host country, its culture and everything new they are meeting. In this stage the employees feel more like tourists than expatriates. They are excited by the new and are really enthusiastic about their job. The expatriates are intrigued and curious about everything that is different from what they are used to and at the same time amazed by cultural similarities. All of this is a result of the pleasant conditions the expatriates are offered upon their arrival. They stay in luxurious hotels where they communicate with compatriots or natives who speak their language or perhaps they have even been appointed a translator; They are busy with being shown the sights of the town, finding an accommodation, school for the children if they are accompanied by their families, and depending on the significance of the international assignment they can e ven be giving press interviews (Oberg, 1960). b) Culture Shock As previously mentioned the honeymoon stage lasts from several days to several weeks. After this period is over, the expatriates get hit by the new culture and everything they have found amusing until now starts being irritating which results in culture shock (Oberg 1960). Oberg (1960) defines this phenomenon as the occupational disease the expatriates experience because of the constant interaction with the new environment and the different situations the host country offers: Culture shock is precipitated by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse. These signs or cues include the thousand and one ways in which we orient ourselves to the situations of daily life: when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to give orders to servants, how to make purchases, when to accept and when to refuse invitations, when to take statements seriously and when not. Now these cues which may be words, gestures, facial expressions, customs, or norms are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept. All of us depend for our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues, most of which we do not carry on the level of conscious awareness. All expatriates can be affected by culture shock, but the degree to which they suffer depends from the host country and its specific cultural characteristics, the personality of the employees and how effective they are in doing their job, their attitude towards the people from the host country and vice versa, and the significance of the international assignment Depending on these factors, culture shock can result into confusion about ones actions, anxiety, frustration, exhilaration, actions that do not suit the norms of behavior, inability to do ones job and thus not being able to sign an important deal, isolation and depression (Teodora G. Nikolaeva, 2010). c) Recovery In the recovery stage the individuals start dealing with their emotions and create a positive attitude towards the surrounding people and environment of the host country (Oberg 1960). As previously mentioned, learning the language is a beneficial factor in understanding the foreign culture. If the expatriates have gained some knowledge of the language, they are able to communicate with their colleagues and instead of criticizing them they start making jokes of them and even start being sarcastic about their dire straits. In addition to that, the employees accept that they have some problems and start asking for help from their coworkers and gradually reaching the last phase of their adaptation (Oberg 1960). d) Adjustment The final phase of the adaptation model is adjustment. At this point all the six aspects of the culture shock are gone and the expatriates are able to perform their job in the most effective way. This is due to the fact that they start accepting and adapting to the new environment. The food, the drinks, the people and the customs that used to be perceived as foreign are now seen as delightful and enjoyable; The individuals become so accustomed to the country and the people so when the assignment is over and they return home, they start missing all that which at some point of their stay was irritating and even disgusting (Oberg, 1960). 2.1.3 Repatriation Luftans and Doh defined repatriation as the return to ones home country from an overseas management assignment. The most common reason for expatriation is that the duty is over. However, other reasons might be expatriates want their children educated in a home-country school, they are not happy with their overseas assignment and failure to do a good job. Ashamalla argued that there is evidence that indicate repatriation is not simple and that a repatriate manager may experience professional as well as personal re-entry problems. 2.3 Factors contribute to challenges faced by expatriates There are many factors that could be the reason of the challenges faced by the expatriate. These factors are realized through the flow of expatriation cycle. 2.3.1 Selection does not based on IHRM guidelines. According to Bonache, Brewster and Suutari, decisions on expatriate selection are usually made in a less than organized and coherent manner, and often take by line managers who simply ignore the laid-down criteria espoused by the HR department. They prefer to draw from a restricted pool of candidates about whom they feel confident; often people like themselves or those among that group who are readily available or have shown some interest in an international element to their career. 2.3.2 Accepting international assignment for the wrong reasons. Some expatriates were thinking of moving abroad in an effort to leave behind the accumulation of frustration, misery or boredom in the current life. Others might accept the international assignment due to their own expectation and assumption based on the experience they had when visiting to that country for a holiday. Due to that, they will face difficulties when reality or the situation does not meet their expectation. 2.3.3 Inability to adapt Cultural surprises, shock, discomfort, difficulties, stress and incompetence occurred due to inconsistent expectation and inability to acquire appropriate cultural knowledge and skills of host culture. Incompetence or disability of expatriates to adapt and adjust their cultural mindset caused early return, incomplete assignment goal and put additional cost to organization for replacement of new personnel. 2.3.4 Family issues It is generally the trailing spouse who suffers the greatest culture shock in the new country. The result can be an unhappy spouse who does her best to impair the performance of the expatriate manager. Most expatriate managers are challenged and excited to be in their new postings. They need to spend a lot of time at work since they are under pressure to adapt to the new culture and their overall responsibilities are often larger than they have experienced before. As a result, the wives of expatriates spend a lot of time by themselves and are cut-off from their own family and friends. At the same time, the wife is usually dealing with problems for which she has no previous experience. Therefore, the challenges expatriates faced during expatriation could be precipitate from the pressure from home 2.3.5 The location of the assignment The location of the international assignment can determine the challenges faced by expatriate. Commonly, expatriates come from well developed countries; due to globalization and the demand of global market, developing countries, mostly from South East Asia, have a high demand for expatriate. The differences between the culture of the expatriates home country and expatriation location will present cross cultural challenges to expatriates. 2.4 Challenges Commonly Faced by Expatriates Pre Departure 2.4.1 Preparation for departure doesnt seem enough. Due to the fact that management chose the candidate for expatriation based on their preference with disregard of IHRM guidelines, it does not only affect the staff but the family member as well. Firstly, the spouse usually questions whether the decision to move abroad is really the best decision for them. On Assignment 2.4.2 Communication and language barriers They are expected to master the local language and culture, especially because more and more local workers may have the competitive advantage of local knowledge and connections, as well as strong English skills acquired while studying abroad. Other than that, expatriate faced difficulty in communication within the first few weeks and to some, it took several months to adjust. 2.4.3 Adjusting to the local working culture Every country has different working culture. Therefore, expatriates might find it challenging to understand how things work in the office in a manner where they are trying to understand the administrative and bureaucratic arrangements. Most of the expatriates came from highly industrialized nations whereby people are used to living in the fast lane and having more established and efficient services. Since the previous working trend differs from the working style they are currently in, it posed as a challenge for most expatriates. 2.4.4 High level of bureaucracy People at the high management level of their hierarchical positions acquire strong control over the issues at the workplace. Therefore, it affects the flow of work among the locals and the expatriates. Decision making processes and duration of task completion took longer than expected. This was a challenge that expatriates encountered which required some skills of cross cultural negotiations to adjust and to overcome any related problems arise. Generally, the locals working habit seemed to collide with the expatriates working habits. Since most of expatriates were come from well-developed nation, their working pace is faster and planning becomes more efficient. Thus, when the new environment is working in much slower pace, it could become a conflict between the expatriates and locals. 2.4.5 Adaptability to new environment Expatriates and family often find it challenging to adjust with the routines. Trailing spouse might have problem in term of creating a home in rented accommodation with limited personal belongings and often find herself home alone whilst the partner departs on the business trip in as many weeks. This will cause the exhaustion the working partner as they try to balance work and home demands. The challenge of creating a meaningful life for the non-working partner which often involves overcoming a sense of having lost all personal identity which comes with losing the normal social, familial and work based cues. This will lead to homesickness and loneliness where they may long for the familiar and comfortable. Other than that, the children might have problem adjusting with school environment and new education system. Beside individual struggle, parental challenge such as providing a stable home environment for children, finding appropriate healthcare when it is needed and finding the app ropriate and suitable school for children are occurring as well. Repatriation 2.4.6 Lack of value placed on their international experiences. It appears that many global firms do not assign much value to the international experience. Therefore, expatriates expectation to career advancement are not usually realized. Many Western countries are placing increasing emphasis on standards and qualifications, credentials, and professionalization of careers. Individuals who have been working abroad may find themselves left behind and no longer even qualified for the level of work they had done prior to departure. 2.4.7 Re-establishing a professional network can also be challenging. Due to inadequate communication during the overseas assignment, an expatriate loses touch with changes that take place in the corporation. An expatriate might return to find that the company has changed beyond recognition and this will lead to career disaster. Even those professional colleagues who stayed in touch through an expatriates years abroad, may not feel comfortable speaking to the repatriates level of qualifications, especially if they havent formed a clear picture of the day- to-day responsibilities handled in the international workplace. 2.4.8 The expatriate and family members may also experience reverse culture shock. Many repatriates are not prepared for the culture shock that they experience upon returning home. Although culture shock is a challenge anticipated by most immigrants and expatriates as they prepare to move abroad, it can catch repatriates off guard. Many have struggled with adjusting to the weather, food, lifestyle, and even basic domestic chores and driving; especially if returning from a country where the norm was to hire domestic help. Repatriates may also find local biases offensive, particularly if targeted at a culture or group with which they have become quite familiar and which they have grown to appreciate.

The Power of Motivation :: leadership, motivation theories

Inside an organization, people are expected to their best work. Best work is easier to achieve when there’s the help of motivation. Motivation is one of the important factors to create effective management inside an Organization (Wood et al., 2006). Every person inside a company is motivated by different kind of things. According to Dawson (1986 cited in Thompson & McHugh 2002) motivation is a behavior, which can drive someone to act towards their goal. A motivated person will perform at maximum capacity in their jobs. The sense of purpose and money are the important factors that motivated people the most. Later on, this paper will evaluate the statement that people are doing their best work if they are motivated by a sense of purpose rather than the pursuit of money, and also this paper will cover motivation theories by Maslow and Herzberg. The term motivation is related with the process that explains how and why human behavior is directed and affected (Latham, 2007). Sasone, Carol and Harakiewicz (2000) stated that there are 2 types of motivation, intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic motivation was described as a motivation which dependent on internal factors such as the desire to work hard and the satisfaction of accomplishing something (Wood et al., 2006). For example, an employee was motivated to become employee of the month, so he always submits his work before the deadline. On the other hand, extrinsic motivation was described as a motivation that depends on external factors such as money. Someone can be classified as extrinsic motivated if he/she was satisfied with external factors (Osterloh & Frey, 2000 p.539). Deci (1975 cited in Latham, 2006), believe that external factors such as money have negative effect on behavior. Deci also believed that if someone perform activities based on external factors, they will ha ve less and less motivation towards the activity, however if they were not driven by external factors, they will tend to be in control and hence intrinsically motivated (Cited in Latham, 2006). From Deci’s statement, it can be concluded that external factors can reduce intrinsic motivation. However, Bandura (1977) argued the statement that intrinsic motivation was only affected by internal factors. Bandura stated that it is almost impossible to find situation where the presence of extrinsic factors are none. An expert named Locke (1990) was disagreeing Deci’s concept about intrinsic motivation. Locke noted that Deci hasn’t distinguished the different between liking an activity of its own sake, and liking activity because it makes someone feel challenged.

Computer Revolution Essay

Personal Computers The personal computer revolution was a phenomenon of immense importance in the 1980s. What the average American commonly refers to as a PC, or personal computer, did not even exist before the 1970s. Mainframe computers had been the norm, and they were primarily relegated to business and scientific use. With the dawn of the personal computer all Americans were allowed potential access to computers. As competition and modernization increased, issues of cost became less and less of an inhibitor, and it appeared that a new technological â€Å"populism† had developed. Companies such as Apple Computer became household names, and words such as software and downloading became commonplace. It was predicted that by 1990, 60 percent of all the jobs in the United States would require familiarity with computers. Already by 1985, some 2 million Americans were using personal computers to perform various tasks in the office. The impact of the personal computer to the average American has been enormous—in addition to its usefulness at the office, it has become a source of entertainment, culture, and education. Apple Founded in 1976 by Steven Jobs and Stephen Wozniak, Apple Computer was to be the spearhead of the personal computer revolution. Apple had achieved moderate success in the late 1970s, but in the 1980s the company developed its innovative vision of how computers could relate to the average person. By 1982 Apple became the first personal computer company to have an annual sales total of $1 billion. In 1983 Apple introduced the Lisa. Lisa was to be the successor of the Apple II and was the first computer to widely introduce the concept of windows, menus, icons, and a mouse to the mainstream. The Lisa computer was phased out by 1985 and sur-passed by the Macintosh in 1984. Macintosh was faster, smaller, and less costly than the Lisa; it retailed for around $2,500 and was packaged as a user-friendly machine that was economical enough to be in every home. Although the machine possessed less processing capability than IBM PCs, one did not need any programming capability to run the machine ef fectively, and it became popular. Beyond Simplicity Not satisfied to be simply â€Å"the easy PC,† Apple in 1986 introduced the Mac Plus, PageMaker, and the LaserWriter. The infusion of these three, particularly PageMaker, an easy-to-use graphics page-layout program, helped give rise to a new medium known as desktop publishing. Creating this new niche made Macintosh the premier, efficient publishing computer. Apple expanded its hold on the graphics market in 1987 with the introduction of the Mac II computer. Its color graphic capability fostered the introduction of color printers capable of reproducing the color images on the computer screen. By 1988 Apple introduced Macs capable of reading DOS and OS/2 disks, thereby closing some of the separation between Macintosh and IBM PCs. IBM On 12 August 1981 International Business Machines (IBM) created its first personal computer. Simply called the IBM PC, it became the definition for the personal computer. IBM was the largest of the three giant computer firms in the world, and the other two, Hewlett-Packard (HP) and Xerox, had previously attempted to make efforts into the new PC market but failed. IBM initially was not convinced that the American public was interested in computers, particularly for their own home usage, but after viewing the early successes of Apple they were determined to enter the race. In creating the software for the PC, IBM turned to a young company called Microsoft to formulate MS-DOS. Market Success IBM PCs were immensely powerful, fast machines, and their entrance into the market legitimized the personal computer and created a new cottage industry. In 1983 IBM introduced the PCjr, a less expensive version of the PC. Despite strong advertisement PCjr was not a success and cost IBM quite a bit in reputation and money. Undiscouraged by these results, IBM pressed onward. By the mid 1980s, IBM PCs had inspired many clones that emulated IBM’s functions at a lower cost to consumers. Constantly setting the standard, IBM in 1987 introduced the PS/2 and the OS/2, the first IBM 386 models. IBM also established agreements with software companies such as Lotus to develop sophisticated programming for their company. Attempts were also made by the company to launch a line of portable computers over the decade. The success of these various portable models was somewhat limited, due to size and cost, as well as improper promotion. Even with several marketing setbacks throughout the decade , however, IBM remained the largest computer firm in the world. By 1989 IBM was producing personal computers that dwarfed earlier models in speed, capability, and technology. Software As the personal computer explosion continued to grow, it spawned more and more cottage industries. One of the largest new markets to develop was that of the software industry, and one of the largest companies in that industry was Microsoft, founded in 1975 by William Gates and Paul Allen in Redmond, Washington. In 1981 Microsoft created MS-DOS, short for Microsoft Disk Operating System. Although it was initially licensed only to the IBM Corporation, by the end of the decade it became the industry-standard operating software for all PCs. The ability to corner this lavish, fast-growing market solidified Microsoft’s software leadership position in the 1980s. Microsoft also began work late in the decade on Windows and OS/2 software programs for PCs and introduced programs for Apple Computer. Another growing software company was Lotus Development Corporation, who created its innovative 1—2-3 spreadsheet programs. Desktop publishing software was advanced greatly thanks to the growth of Apple Computer’s graphics capabilities. Countless other software programs, from playful (video games) to statistical (accounting programs), began to saturate the market, attempting to feed the growing desires of the American public. Information Society Computers have touched most aspects of how Americans function. Through their ability to link groups across great distances, they have made the world, at least theoretically, a smaller place. The computer was not the first technological advancement to impact the nation so greatly, but the speed in which it swept across the country and the pace in which change within the field continues to occur have been remarkable. As technology advanced, the cost of computers also significantly declined. Schools on all levels began to integrate computer literacy into their academic programs as it was seen that this knowledge would be as essential as reading in the next century. Sales for computer companies sky-rocketed as they rushed to meet demand. Computer magazines, such as Byte, PC World, and PC Magazine were either born in the 1980s or grew substantially as interest around the issue grew. Backlash regarding the growth of computers and their infiltration into society also occurred. Fear of an un feeling technical society where human contact has been replaced by machines has been voiced by some extreme critics. On the more moderate side are criticisms that computer technology will only improve the lives of those who could afford the high costs of a PC. Thus, the computer, instead of unifying, could potentially increase the gap between the rich and the poor. Machine of the Year In 1983 Time magazine solidified the personal computer’s arrival into mainstream society when it named the PC its 1982 Machine of the Year. Time’s Man of the Year award was given to a prestigious man or woman that had made a significant mark on the world in the preceding year; by adapting the honor for a machine, Time acknowledged the immense contribution this technology had made upon society. Computers, once available only to trained programmers, now became increasingly commonplace in homes across the country. They changed the way the average American received and processed information at work and at home. Some critics scoffed at the fact that the magazine had bestowed a machine with such an important title, but Time defended the decision, stating, â€Å"There are some occasions, though, when the most significant force in a year’s news is not a single individual but a process, and a widespread recognition by a whole society that this process is changing the cou rse of all other processes. That is why, after weighting the ebb and flow of events around the world, Time has decided that 1982 is the year of the computer.†