Socialism and Communism essays

Communism and Communism articles When looking at the belief systems of communism and socialism to radicalism it is anything but difficult to see a wide range of ways to deal with characterizing individual flexibility. The most fundamental issue to which communist can't help contradicting nonconformists is on the possibility of human instinct. Communist masterminds don't concur whether there is such an unbelievable marvel as human instinct however feel that human practices and qualities can be formed to be social and helpful through organizations made by either government or society as a rule. Communists state that progressivism is terrible for individuals since it doesn't give an adequate premise to society. Radicalism is innately out of line and underlines on distinction, simultaneously securing the interests of the middle class while the regular workers is being misused. Communists philosophy advances the class over the person. Communists feel the individuals should cooperate and not be worried about distinction y et rather improving the general public as a rule. Communist masterminds don't feel individuals work better as people, however that individuals realize that we have to cooperate to endure. Individuals are commonly social or collective animals. People don't live or work or replicate the species in disconnection, yet in participation with each other. In a liberal society private property is the base of all underhanded. Communism advances no private property. All land is claimed by the general public and any items made from that society is additionally everybody's property. This implies society in general, and not private people, should claim and control property to assist all. This is the major conviction that all communists share. Communists accept this makes fairness. Getting rid of private property likewise abrogates classes. You no longer have an ace slave relationship since there are no longer experts of the land. Balance is the reason for individual flexibility on the communist perspective. With each... <! Communism and Communism papers Socialism In the 18 and 1900s the world experienced a change called the Industrial Revolution. New developments and machines delivered merchandise enough to wipe out the enormous measure of neediness and increment the personal satisfaction. Each nation experienced a purgation remembering changes for government. These types of government were new, and progressively custom fitted toward the lift in industry. Socialism and communism were two of these new governments. They are likewise the subjects which I should research and present to the class. I found that I needed to investigate two distinct scenes of data so as to get the information on communism and socialism required to complete this task. The principal source I utilized was my standard issue helpful dandy World History Perspectives on the Past by D.C. Heath. I utilized their clarification of my subject in the glossary to help with my examination. The second source I utilized was the web. First I went to Yahoo! furthermore, scanned for socialism. The main connection I went to, entitled Communism by John Gray, gave a decent synopsis of socialism. I returned to Yahoo! what's more, did likewise scan for communism. Communism The Web Site by David Mcmullen was the place it lead me, and it to had a similarly valuable and useful more or less article of communism. These two sources gave me bounty data to complete this venture. They showed me enough the subject to instruct it to the remainder of the class. Me and my gathering figured it would be a decent objective to ensure we get different understudies intrigued by the subject as opposed to causing them to listen cause its on the test. In this way, we figured creation a socialism and communism comic would catch the understudies consideration and intrigue. Ideally this strategy will accomplish our objective while additionally showing them a lot of data regarding our matter. We probably won't have the option to get to Ms. Yosts level of presentatio... <!

Team Policy Analysis Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Group Policy Analysis Paper - Essay Example By submitting to the law, it invalidates the odds of the guilty parties to be served equity by the general public, which normally prompts demise or self destruction, and equity is served (Emanuel, 2007). Prevention essentially infers to forcing overwhelming punishments on the guilty party to dishearten different individuals from the general public to participate in crimes (Scaros, 2004). At the point when the individuals in the general public see the measures taken to control the social treacheries, they will stop to act unlawfully. As indicated by Emanuel (2007), restoration is planned for changing a criminal into an ethically upstanding resident, in the general public, by guaranteeing their set of accepted rules is immaculate. This will empower the wrongdoer to have the option to live ordinarily with others. Crippling alludes to isolate of the wrongdoer (Scaros, 2004). This is typically accomplished through sentences passed by the official courtroom of detainment. The wrongdoer is to remain away in isolation and think about his activities. At long last, reclamation alludes to the equity of the person in question. It targets making the casualties proceed with life as it was before a wrongdoing was submitted against them. At the point when the equity framework flops in its criminal anticipation exercises, seriously observed parole, probations and electronic checking, every one of these things, individuals, subsequently lose confidence in them. Scaros (2004) says that the order of humanity is driven by an all inclusive power of crowd brain science. This implies individuals will carry on essentially on the grounds that they know the legal framework is unequipped for clinging to its obligations. The law is executed by the legal framework, and it attempts to forestall wrongdoing, ensure general society, bolster survivors of wrongdoing and help the guilty parties to refocus (Emanuel, 2007). Criminal law involves all these. Laws were made to improve us residents and for there to be structure among us. At the point when all the above have been maintained a strategic distance from, and similar endeavors to check crimes

Everything You Need To Know About Footnotes

Everything You Need To Know About Footnotes While the rules regarding footnotes vary according to the citation style used, there are two distinct purposes for footnotes:To provide necessary information to text in the form of a citation.To provide supplementary information to text, such as clarifying an idea or expounding on it for further inquiry.Regardless of their purpose, a footnote is usually added to text as a superscript, starting at 1, and with a corresponding number at the bottom of the page (known as the footer) where the citation or additional information is included.See the example below, which shows the superscripted footnote numbers, along with the footnotes and the way they are formatted on the paper. Keep in mind that the gray line is the bottom of the paper, so your footnotes will be printed that close to the end of the page.An example of superscripted footnote numbers.Why are footnotes used?Footnotes are the least intrusive way for an author to provide citations or supplemental information about a topic. In so me cases, such as when using Chicago Style, footnotes are often used instead of in-text citations with a bibliography at the end of the paper. Footnotes allow an author to guide his or her reader to additional information or further study, without disrupting the flow of the sentence.Another great use of footnotes is to define or explain a word or idea that might require further explanation to a general audience. A definition or explanation can be provided within the footnote without any visual or logical disruption in the text.Style guides and footnotesThe Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) requires the use of footnotes instead of in-text citations. Other styles, such as the Modern Language Association (MLA) and the American Psychological Association (APA) also allow the use of footnotes. However, while CMS requires footnotes for citations and supplemental information, APA and MLA suggest footnote use for supplemental information only.Modern Language Associations (MLA) rules regarding fo otnote useBelow are the rules regarding footnote use in MLA style, taken from the Purdue Online Writing Lab.MLA discourages extensive use of explanatory or digressive notes.MLA Style does, however, allow you to use endnotes or footnotes for bibliographic notes, which refer to other publications your readers may consult.Following are some examples:See Blackmur, especially chapters 3 and 4, for an insightful analysis of this trend.On the problems related to repressed memory recovery, see Wollens 120-35; for a contrasting view, see Pyle 43; Johnson, Hull, Snyder 21-35; Krieg 78-91.Several other studies point to this same conclusion. See Johnson and Hull 45-79, Kather 23-31, Krieg 50-57.Or, you can also use endnotes/footnotes for occasional explanatory notes (also known as content notes), which refers to brief additional information that might be too digressive for the main text:In a 1998 interview, she reiterated this point even more strongly: I am an artist, not a politician! (Weller 124).MLA style has a few additional rules concerning footnote use:For footnotes placed in dependent clauses, such as this one,1 add the number after the comma.Footnotes should follow the period at the end of a sentence.2The only exception to a footnote following the punctuation would be this one3â€"the dash. When a dash is used as punctuation following a word, the footnote connected to that word should come before it.American Psychological Associations (APA) rules regarding footnote useAPA style discourages the use of footnotes and endnotes, according to the Purdue Online Writing Lab, as detailed below.APA does not recommend the use of footnotes and endnotes because they are often expensive for publishers to reproduce. However, if explanatory notes still prove necessary to your document, APA details the use of two types of footnotes: content and copyright. When using either type of footnote, insert a number formatted in superscript following almost any punctuation mark.Footnote numb ers should not follow dashes ( â€" ), and if they appear in a sentence in parentheses, the footnote number should be inserted within the parentheses.Scientists examinedâ€"over several years1â€"the fossilized remains of the wooly-wooly yak.2(These have now been transferred to the Chauan Museum.3).Also keep in mind, when using the footnote function in a word-processing program like Microsoft Word, place all footnotes at the bottom of the page on which they appear. Footnotes may also appear on the final page of your document (usually this is after the References page). Center the word Footnotes at the top of the page. Indent five spaces on the first line of each footnote. Then, follow normal paragraph spacing rules. Double-space throughout:1 While the method of examination for the wooly-wooly yak provides important insights to this research, this document does not focus on this particular species.Chicago Manual of Style rules regarding footnote useThe Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) uses footnotes as the primary way to cite sources. While in-text citations can be used, footnotes are most typical for this style. As with MLA, the footnotes should follow the punctuation unless the punctuation is a dash. There are more specific rules regarding footnote placement and numbering for this style that can be found the Purdue Online Writing Lab.Footnote examples for all style guidesScientists have discovered varied lifeforms in this habitat.6Im allergic to shellfish,7 so lets not order the shrimp.For years, scholars have studied the book carefully8â€"a fact that suggests there has been much effort put into understanding it.

Graduation Speech Grade School - 1559 Words

Class is Now in Session Good morning, how is everyone today? Wonderful! I am glad you all are well. I hope you did your homework last night! If you did, you will be getting a gold star on your homework worksheet. Anyways, let us begin our day with the bell ringer. Please complete the three math problems that are on the board. You must do these by yourself... and yes, that includes you Jonathan. You don t want me to have another conference with your mother, right? That s what I thought. You will all have ten minutes, so go ahead and begin. We will go over them together after time is up. They will help us review our long division, which I introduced yesterday. If you have any questions, please raise your hand. Does this sound familiar†¦show more content†¦Now that I look back, during those times I was pretending to write on a whiteboard and scolding students for not doing homework, I was learning how to cope with real issues of everyday life. The fake world that kids make up are influenced by their own world around them. They are taught how to behave and what to understand by their caregivers, teachers, friends, and even strangers around them. As they acquire new knowledge, they begin to mimic what those people do in their times of play. As for me and my sisters, we often taught our class what our own teachers had in their lesson plans that day, as well as providing similar discipline. As the time passed along when we were playing our game, my sisters and I unknowingly built individual personalities and goals that fueled the way we viewed our lives. Similarly to how playtime incorporates the idea of school, the actual school systems utilize the fundamentals of playing in their curriculum, in order to stimulate the fresh minds of the youth. According to the publication Rethinking Play and Pedagogy in Early Childhood Education, teachers are combining the skills they teach to the children with the normal behaviors of imagination and fun. They find that playing occurred when children worked in small groups, because they were engaged in active games, while working with educational toys,Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Graduation By Maya Angelou960 Words   |  4 PagesEssay on â€Å"Graduation† by Maya Angelou Racial segregation was very dominant in the United States in the mid nineteen hundreds. This is the time that Maya Angelou was graduating from the eighth grade in Stamps Arkansas. The theme of racial segregation is well shown by the how different the schools of the African-Americans was compared to that of whites in the essay â€Å"Graduation† by Maya Angelou. In the essay the Angelou points out that Lafayette County Training School didn’t have a lawn, hedges, tennisRead MoreGraduation by Maya Angelou Critique1386 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish 121 SL May 9, 2012 â€Å"Graduation† Critique â€Å"Graduation† was written by Maya Angelou in 1969. Angelou was born in Missouri, but after her parents divorced, she was sent to live with her grandmother in Stamps, Arkansas. While in Arkansas, Angelou attended the Lafayette County Training School. The school is the setting for her essay â€Å"Graduation.† Angelou graduated from eighth grade at Lafayette with top honors and went on to graduate from high school. After high school, Angelou wrote over thirtyRead MoreGraduation Speech : College Admissions1424 Words   |  6 PagesDuring a typical high school graduation, speeches are given by a select few, notable students. These notable students normally include the two students who earned the highest grade point averages out of all the students in their graduating class - the valedictorian and the salutatorian. Imagine a graduation, however, with no valedictorian or salutatorian speech. Imagine if there was no valedictorian or salutatorian. Imagine if there was no distinction of students academic performance during commencementRead MoreAnalysis Of Graduation By Maya Angelou766 Words   |  4 Pagesyour life that teaches you a lesson for us in order to win the journey of our life. In the essay, Graduation, Maya Angelou states about the unfair treatment of whites against the African Americans during the graduation. There are situations in life where we feel discriminated but no matter what we have to gain the strength to prosper. In this article, Angelou talks about her eight-grade graduation experience. Angelou mainly focused about the unfair treatment of African Americans during that timeRead MoreGraduation Speech : A Rite Of Passage1527 Words   |  7 PagesFor many adolescent individuals in America, graduation is considered a rite of passage. Often, Americans couple graduation with a celebration of opening a new chapter of their life. Specifically, transitioning from a high school student to a graduate. In this essay I will explain what a rite of passage is and what graduation is. Also, I will discuss how graduation is approached as a rite of passage in my culture, and what celebration in regards to graduation looks like and means to many. Almost allRead MoreMaya Angelou Response Essay717 Words   |  3 PagesA race war between whites and blacks has blighted American history since colonial times. In her essay â€Å"Graduation,† Maya Angelou recollects the experience of her eighth grade graduation in the 1930s to examine the personal growth of humans caught in the adversity of racial discrimination. Through narrative structure, selection of detail, and use of imagery, Angelou encourages young blacks to follow their ambitions with pride, despite what the â€Å"white man† thinks of them. Through her narrative structureRead MoreMaya Angelou s Graduation Day862 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscouraging comments about themselves, their confidence lowers, however, when a person hears uplifting and encouraging compliments, their confidence rises. These ideas appear multiple times throughout Maya Angelou’s, â€Å"Graduation Day†. The story refers to a young girl graduating the eighth grade. Maya Angelou encountered many people who challenged her personal growth because of the words spoken to her. Although common belief states words have no power, words have the power to influence an audience. WordsRead MoreSports and Academic Achievement1494 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscipline, strategy, and time management. We will be looking at studies that have explored the impact that athletics has on students’ academic abilities. Academic success can be measured in many ways but we will explore grade point averages, math and English test scores, and graduation success rates to show the positive impact athletics has on a student’s academic abilities. Introduction Participating in athletics offers students the opportunity to learn valuable lessons they can use for theRead MoreGraduation Speech : My Life After High School907 Words   |  4 PagesWhen my high school graduation came around in the year of 2013 I was not sure what would be the next step in life after high school. I was undecided whether I would go to college. I didn t feel I was college material since I honestly did not do that well my last couple years of high school. I figured I would just learn to paint cars like my dad. I was working for my dad during that same summer after I graduated and I completely changed my mind on college. Going home in dust and grime everydayRead MoreGraduation Speech : Graduating High School1034 Words   |  5 PagesGraduating high school was a big defining moment in my life. It is a step closer to the real world, a step closer to my future and that is what most exciting about leading up to this day. Preparation to graduating high school was diffic ult for me there was a lot of ups and downs, but it got easier once I took things more serious and not as a joke. Having that feeling of knowing that your family members are proud of you is an amazing feeling and having my grandmother explain to me how she felt on

Functionalism And Its Impact On Society - 1119 Words

In this paper I will explain and argue for Functionalism. Functionalism allows for a scientific approach to the mind-body problem, while maintaining the integrity of mental and physical states and attributing them to the functional roles they play within the bodily system. The main argument for Functionalism is founded on the basis that it fulfills all of the requirements for an effective form of Physicalism. 1. In order for a physicalist argument to be effective: it must account for mental states being defined by their role; allow for mental and functional types to be defined circularly/holistically; and allow mental states to be realized in a multitude of outcomes. Functionalism sufficiently ensures all of these predicates. Functionalism is an adequate form of physicalism. Like other arguments for physicalism, functionalism is based on the notion that everything that exists in reality is physical in form. One of the main distinctions that makes the functionalist approach unique is its method of defining objects. For example, many simple things are defined by what they’re made of, such as gold is simply Au. However more complex things are defined in terms of what their functions are. A heart is defined as an object that pumps blood around an organism’s body, regardless of what it is made of. We cannot define a heart as â€Å"something that is made of organic cardiac muscle, has valves, contracts, etc.† because theoretically, those components could be slapped togetherShow MoreRelatedFunctionalism And Its Impact On Society983 Words   |  4 PagesAlthough functionalism is the more popular perspective, it is not flawless. There are conflicts of interest about the relations between the school and society. The main problem with functionalism is that it tends to emphasize the social needs of society over the individual’s need. Robert Merton, a critic of functionalism comments that â€Å"because many functionalisms have assumed that every social practice and institution must be understood in terms of its adaptive function for the society as a wholeRead MoreFunctionalism And Its Impact On Society Essay1530 Words   |  7 PagesFUNCTIONALISM Functionalism is a theory that aspect stresses the crucial stability and participation within modern society. The social events are clarified by reference to the functions that achieves in allowing constancy within society. The society is related to biological organism in that the whole is seen to be made up of interdependent and unified parts, this assimilation is the result of a general agreement on core values and norms. Over the process of socialisation, we can learn these rulesRead MoreStructural Functionalism And Its Impact On Society Essay911 Words   |  4 PagesStructural functionalism â€Å"is a macro-level theory that views a society as a complete unit† (Grand Canyon). Structural functionalism shows how society works together. It also brings out the individual roles, stricter and functions that people in society have. In our book figure 2.1 displays a few examples. It has politics listed as the structure and their function is to maintain order and control. The worl d works with this theory because you need the ones in the structural positions to be able toRead MoreSociological Theories and Family Essay examples1662 Words   |  7 Pagestheories are important in understanding how the society operates. In addition, the theories help one understand how people in society relate with each other. The theories have helped understand various social issues in the society and made it easy to develop solutions to the problems. There are different theories that are used to explain how the society operates and how people interact with each other. Examples of the theories include functionalism theories and conflict theory, and interactionismRead MoreSociological Perspectives On Life Chances Essay1343 Words   |  6 PagesTask 1 This essay is based on two main sociological perspectives such as Functionalism and Marxism. It will evaluate the view that differences in the life chances between social groups which are dependent on various social factors affecting the society and individuals. Furthermore, it will compare and contrast these two sociological perspectives. Life chances can have a positive or negative effect on individual’s lifetime in terms of their education, health, employment, income and housing. TheyRead MoreThe Theory, Symbolic Interactionism, And Conflict Theory1040 Words   |  5 Pageson how the individual interacts with others, and how others influence the individual behaviors that impact society in a micro or macro way. The second theoretical framework is the conflict theory, it examines the rift between the rich and the poor and how it affects the quality of education, health care, and living condition of said group. Thirdly, the functionalist theory, which compares society to a system of interrelated parts, it’s a social system not just an individual. Each frame work playsRead MoreFunctionalism Vs. Conflict Theory1349 Words   |  6 PagesFunctionalism vs. Conflict Theory There are four known sociological theories and or theoretical perspective, and they are structural functionalism, conflict theory, symbolic interactionism, and feminism. These theories explain various aspects of social life through different perspective (OpenStax College 17). 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There are theoretical perspectives used so that one understands an individual behaviour and the society they live in. The sociological perspectives study each behaviour and how it is linked to the whole society or how the society influence the individual rather. The society is a diverse body and different perspectives is used to understand how they are linked and functioned

English as Second Language Free Essays

Insight Text Guide Ruth Thomas The Rugmaker of Mazar-e-Sharif Najaf Mazari Robert Hillman  © Insight Publications 2010 Copyright Insight Publications 2009 First published in 2009 by Insight Publications Pty Ltd ABN 57 005 102 983 219 Glenhuntly Road Elsternwick VIC 3185 Australia Tel: +61 3 9523 0044 Fax: +61 3 9523 2044 Email: books@insightpublications. com. au www. We will write a custom essay sample on English as Second Language or any similar topic only for you Order Now insightpublications. com. u Copying for educational purposes The Australian Copyright Act 1968 (the Act) allows a maximum of one chapter or 10% of this book, whichever is the greater, to be copied by any educational institution for its educational purposes provided that the educational institution (or the body that administers it) has given a remuneration notice to Copyright Agency Limited (CAL) under the Act. For details of the CAL licence for educational institutions contact: Copyright Agency Limited Level 19, 157 Liverpool Street Sydney NSW 2000 Tel: +61 2 9394 7600 Fax: +61 2 9394 7601 Email: info@copyright. com. u Copying for other purposes Except as permitted under the Act (for example, any fair dealing for the purposes of study, research, criticism or review) no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written permission. All inquiries should be made to the publisher at the address above. Natio nal Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry: Thomas, Ruth, 1980– Najaf Mazari and Robert Hillman’s The rugmaker of Mazar-e-Sharif : insight text guide / Ruth Thomas. 1st ed. 9781921411038 (pbk. ) Insight text guide. Bibliography. For secondary school age. Mazari, Najaf, 1971– Rugmaker of Mazar-e-Sharif. 325. 2109581 Printed in Australia by Hyde Park Press  © Insight Publications 2010 contents Character map Overview About the author Synopsis Character summaries iv 1 1 2 3 Background context Genre, structure language Chapter-by-chapter analysis Characters relationships Themes, ideas values Different interpretations Questions answers Sample answer References reading 6 11 16 32 40 51 57 65 68  © Insight Publications 2010 iv CHARACT ARACTER MAP Hakima Najaf’s wife, whom he marries when both are 27; stays in Pakistan before joining Najaf in Australia. other of husband and wife admires Maria Najaf and Hakima’s daughter; a baby when she is taken to Pakistan; travels to Australia with Hakima to be reunited with her father. Gorg Ali Mazari Najaf’s eldest brother; killed by a sniper during a battle between the Russians and the mujahedin. brothers father of Abdul Ali Mazari Becomes h ead of the family after Gorg Ali is killed. respects Najaf Mazari Afghani rugmaker who ? ees con? ict in his homeland and arrives in Australia as a refugee. helps Robin Closest friend in Australia. helps brothers frustrated by Colin Rug dealer; a close friend in Australia. Rosal Ali Mazari Younger, irresponsible brother; killed in a rocket explosion. brothers  © Insight Publications 2010 1 OVERVIEW About the authors Najaf Mazari was born in 1971 in the small village of Shar Shar in northern Afghanistan. At 12 years of age, after his family had moved to the city of Mazar-e-Sharif, Najaf became an apprentice rugmaker – an occupation that suited his propensity for both creativity and hard work. Seeing through his apprenticeship and aspiring to make beautiful rugs gave the young Najaf some respite from the horror of the incessant con? ct around him. In 2001, Najaf ? ed Afghanistan. The Taliban had occupied the north of the country and were carrying out genocide against men in Mazar-e-Sharif. Najaf was captured, tortured and narrowly escaped death before his family paid a people smuggler to convey him out of the country. Najaf reluctantly left his family and his beloved homeland, and embarked on a dangerous journey to Australia. He was detained in the Woomera Detention Centre while his application for refugee status was processed. He then settled in Melbourne, where he opened a rug shop. In 2006, Najaf’s wife and daughter were given permission by the Australian government to join him in Australia. He was granted Australian citizenship in 2007. The Rugmaker of Mazar-e-Sharif is Najaf’s memoir of living with con? ict and of enduring its far-reaching consequences. Melbourne-based ? ction writer and biographer Robert Hillman helps Najaf tell his story. Hillman’s collaboration with Najaf on The Rugmaker of Mazar-e-Sharif continues his literary preoccupation with the hardships and triumphs of ordinary people caught up in war and political unrest. Hillman’s 2007 biography, My Life as a Traitor, tells the story of Zarha Ghahramani, a young Iranian woman who was imprisoned, tortured and persecuted after participating in student protests at Tehran University. Hillman, who met Zarha while he was working as a journalist in Iran, supported her through her settlement as a refugee in Australia. His articles about refugees have been published in a number of newspapers and magazines, including The New York Times and The Australian. My Life as a Traitor has been published in the United States and the United Kingdom and was nominated for the 2008 Insight Publications 2010 2 Prime Minister’s Literary Award. Like The Rugmaker of Mazar-e-Sharif, Mazar-e-Sharif My Life as a Traitor contains thoughtful meditations on Zarha’s culture, which ensures that the book provides something more than a grim and shocking portrayal of war and suffering. Hillman’s autobiography, The Boy in the Green Suit (2003), a memoir about hi s own journey through the Middle East as a teenager, won the 2005 National Biography Prize. The text was praised for its artfulness, evocation of restlessness, humour and optimism. His ? ction has also been widely praised. It includes A Life of Days (1988), The Hour of Disguise (1990), Writing Sparrow Hill (1996) and The Deepest Part of the Lake (2001). An experienced teacher and university lecturer, Hillman also writes educational texts for secondary-school audiences. Synopsis Najaf’s life begins in the small village of Shar Shar in northern Afghanistan, a place of hilly pastures, sunshine, snow, and bright green grass in spring. Najaf works as a shepherd boy, responsible for protecting the family’s ? ock from wolves. Going to school comes second to his shepherding duties. When Najaf is eight his father dies and the family (now headed by Najaf’s much-loved eldest brother, Gorg Ali) moves north to the city of Mazar-e-Sharif. Gorg Ali arranges an apprenticeship for Najaf when he turns 12 and is no longer, within Afghani culture, a boy; he is a young man ready to learn a trade. Najaf is ? rst apprenticed to a blacksmith, but ? nds the work tedious and deeply unsatisfying. He secretly abandons his job to begin an apprenticeship under a master rugmaker. He quickly comes to love rugmaking and his passion for it offers a sanctuary from the war that rages around him. His work, however, does not shield him from the reality of con? ict. War in? icts terrible personal costs on young Najaf. Gorg Ali is gunned down in a battle between Russian and mujahedin soldiers in Shar Shar. Najaf’s younger brother, Rosal Ali, is killed when a mortar shell explodes over the family home in the middle of the night. Najaf is injured in the attack and his apprenticeship jeopardised because the wound to his leg takes many months to heal. Najaf is just 13 when he endures these terrible experiences.  © Insight Publications 2010 3 Although he is a civilian and remains staunchly opposed to violence throughout his life, con? ict continues to impact upon Najaf during adulthood. In 1998, the Taliban invade Mazar-e-Sharif. The Taliban massacre men and boys of Najaf’s Hazara clan and then capture and torture any survivors they ? nd. Now married with a baby daughter, Najaf is kidnapped and whipped with cables. However, to his and his family’s disbelief, he is released. Knowing he will not be so lucky a second time, Najaf escapes Afghanistan, putting his life in the hands of a people smuggler. The dangerous journey takes him through Afghanistan to Pakistan, then on to Indonesia and towards Australia on a condemnable boat. The boat eventually becomes stranded on Ashmore Reef, north of Australia. Najaf, along with other asylum seekers on board, is rescued by the Australian navy and conveyed to Woomera Detention Centre. Here, Najaf endures the ordeal of waiting, his fate resting with immigration of? cials who will decide whether he has valid reason to stay in Australia. After months of detainment, Najaf is granted refugee status. He begins a life in Melbourne and, through hard work and hope, establishes a rug-selling business. More good news comes when Najaf is granted Permanent Residency Status, which not only means he can stay in Australia for good, but also that his wife, Hakima, and daughter, Maria, can move to Australia and join him in Melbourne. Overwhelmed by happiness and appreciation of the seemingly impossible things that have happened, Najaf thanks God for his good fortune and promises to remember and honour those Afghanis who were not able to survive the country’s violent con? icts. Character summaries Najaf Mazari The central character and narrator. The narrator is in his mid 30s when he tells his story. Najaf is a young boy, teenager and young man in the story. He is less than eight years old when working as a shepherd boy in Shar Shar and about 12 when he begins his rugmaking apprenticeship.  © Insight Publications 2010 4 Gorg Ali Najaf’s much admired eldest brother. In keeping with Afghani tradition, Gorg Ali takes over as head of the family when Najaf’s father dies. Gorg Ali is a gentle man who believes that ? ghting is senseless and futile. He works as a tinsmith and a beekeeper. Gorg Ali is killed by a stray bullet when he goes to tend the family beehives near Shar Shar. Abdul Ali Najaf’s second-eldest brother. When Gorg Ali dies, Abdul Ali becomes the head of the family and bears the ? nancial burden that results from the mortar attack on the family’s home. Abdul Ali is more hot-headed than Gorg Ali and subjects Najaf to several blows about the head when he discovers Najaf has secretly quit his job as a blacksmith. Abdul Ali is a butcher. Rosal Ali Najaf’s younger brother. Rosal Ali is hopelessly irresponsible, mischievous and cheeky. He often provokes Najaf’s anger. Najaf, as the older brother, lectures Rosal Ali. Rosal Ali is killed when the Mazaris’ home is destroyed in the mortar attack. Najaf’s mother An important member of the Mazari family. Najaf’s mother has the ? nal say on her son’s marriage plans and rules the inside of the house in partnership with the head of the family. In turn, Najaf is respectful to his mother and often acts protectively towards her. Najaf sees his mother (and the rest of his family) on a number of occasions after leaving Afghanistan, when he undertakes rug-buying trips to Pakistan. Hakima Najaf’s wife. She is the same age as Najaf; they marry at the age of 27. Hakima stays in Pakistan between 2001, when Najaf ? es Afghanistan, and 2006, when she is granted permission by the Australian government to join Najaf in Australia.  © Insight Publications 2010 5 Maria Najaf and Hakima’s daughter. Maria is just a baby when Najaf sends her and Hakima to safety in Pakistan. She is reunited with her father ? ve years later. Robin An Australian woman who becomes Najaf’s closest friend in Australia. She helps Najaf learn English and holds a party to celebrate his achievements in his new home. Colin A Melbourne rug dealer who helps Najaf with his business. He drives Najaf to the airport to be reunited with Hakima and Maria.  © Insight Publications 2010 BACKGROUND CONTEXT Con? ict in Afghanistan Najaf’s homeland has a long history of violent and bitter armed con? ict that spans centuries. This is partly due to the region’s geography. As Najaf says, ‘just look at the location of Afghanistan on a map of Asia and the Middle East, with neighbours and near-neighbours like Russia, Pakistan and Iran’ (p. 34). The area has enormous geographical and strategic signi? cance. Foreign powers, from the ancient Macedonians through to the colonial British and communist Russians, have striven to secure territory or allies there, with little regard for the desires of the local people. Anger towards foreign invaders is evident in Najaf’s observation that Afghanistan and Afghanis were ‘supposed to ? t into the political strategies of the powerful’ (p. 35). Afghanis tried to ? ght off invaders, and also fought each other as various tribal and ethnic groups each attempted to stake out their own parcels of territory. In the period from 1973 to 2000, ? ve separate con? icts took place in Afghanistan, including civil wars (armed con? ict between opposing parties within one country) and international wars (armed con? ct between two or more countries). This particularly turbulent period commenced when Mohammad Daoud Khan assumed power in a military coup. Daoud failed to deliver much-needed economic and social reform and was ultimately overthrown in a second coup in 1978. This uprising was led by the Marxist Nur Mohammad Taraki, who implemented a liberal and socialist agenda, replacing religious and traditional laws with secular, Marxist ones. Taraki was soon ousted by Ha? zullah Amin, who was in turn replaced in yet another coup by Babrak Karmal. Najaf recalls that, by the time he was 13, Afghanistan had been ruled by four presidents, all of whom represented the Communist Party (pp. 149–50). Karmal was supported by the Russian government, or controlled by it, as Najaf suggests (p. 11), and continued to implement Marxist reforms. While many people in the cities either approved of these changes or were ambivalent about them, many traditional and conservative Afghanis in villages and rural areas were bitterly opposed. Opposition groups, known as mujahedin (‘holy Muslim warrior’), began to form. The  © Insight Publications 2010 How to cite English as Second Language, Papers

Accounting Standards and Policies Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Various Accounting Standards And Lays Down The Accounting Policies. Answer: Introduction In order to maintain certainty and comparability ofaccounting data, the authorities all over the world have laid down certain rules and regulation (Antle, Garstka and Sevigny, n.d.). Theaccounting standards lay down the norms for the enterprises for the preparation of the accounting statements. All the entities are required to abide by these norms. In the past it has been seen that, due to lack of a standard norm of presentation of information, the organisations in many cases have tried to manipulate theaccounting information in order to confuse the users of these financial statements. Therefore, in order to remove these uneven reporting norms the entities are required to abide by all the rules laid down in the accounting standards. (Bebbington, Gray and Laughlin, 2011) Application of Accounting Policies Estimates: In order to understand our case in a better way, we first need to understand about accounting policies, circumstances in which they can be changed and reporting requirement when such changes are made. The Australian Accounting Standard Board has laid down accounting standard 108 and 116, Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors. This accounting standard guides us in the application of accounting policies. Whenever an entity wants to make a change in its accounting policy, it must refer to this accounting standard for guidance. (Berry, n.d.) This standard lays down that whenever an accounting standard is applicable to a transaction or an event, then in such cases the policies which are to be applied to these should be as per that particular accounting standard. It is the duty of the entity to consistently apply these policies laid down in accounting standard, unless another standard requires or permits them for the applicability of different policies which are appropriate in such circumstances. (CAANZ. and Kemp, 2017) A change in accounting policy can be permitted only in certain situations: If the change is required by accounting standard The change required in the accounting policy will lead to better presentation of financial information in the statements. The users of the financial statements require consistency in these policies so that they can compare the financial position, profitability and cash flows of the entity form time to time. Therefore, in order to make this possible it is necessary for the companies to apply the same accounting policies unless such changes satisfy the abovementioned points. There are certain situation when change in method or process is not termed as change in accounting policies. When the accounting policy is been applied to a transaction whose substance id different form the similar transactions recorded earlier. Also when the accounting policy is being applied to a transaction or even which has not ever occurred before or was immaterial, in such cases the change is not considered as change in accounting policy. (Chaudhry, n.d.) A change in accounting estimate is the adjustment which is made in the values of the assets or liabilities. A change in accounting estimate is due to availability of new information, and hence they are not considered as correction of errors. A change in accounting estimate can be made when the circumstances in which such estimates were made have changed. There should be availability of new information in order for an entity to make a change in accounting estimate. (Greuning, Scott and Terblanche, 2011) Whenever there is a change in accounting estimate the entity is liable to report such change in its statements for the financial year in which such change has been made along with future periods which will be affected by such change. If it is impracticable to disclose the effect of change for future years then the entity should disclose such facts in the reports. A change in accounting estimate is accounted for in the prospective periods whereas the change in accounting period to be accounted for in the retrospective periods. Now, we have understood the differences between accounting policy and estimate. In the given situation we see that there has been a change in depreciation method by the entity. The change of method of depreciation is to be classified as change of accounting estimate, and hence disclosures for the same are required to be made in the financial statements. (Houghton and Campbell, 2005) Depreciation methods, changes in method and disclosures: Depreciation is a charge on the value of the assets of the entity. Due to continuous use, changes in technologies and efflux of time the value of the assets of the entity decline. In order to record the assets at their fair value a certain amount is deducted from their carrying amount in order to display them at correct value. This deduction is named as depreciation. This is then charged to the profit and loss account of the company. Many entities use depreciation as the tool to manipulate the profits of the company. Therefore, standards have been laid down in order to bring consistency in methods and avoid fraudulent activities. (Hussey, 2011) There a lot of methods of charging depreciation, the entity should choose the method which is most suitable to its business type. The rate of depreciation used should be estimated using all the correct available information and with due diligence. (Hussey and Ong, n.d.) The rate of deprecation is to be reviewed year to year and if required should be adjusted taking into consideration the latest information. If there has been a change in life of the asset, or in the economic benefits that are to be derived, such factors should be taken into consideration while making the revision in deprecation rate. If there is any change in the circumstances in which the rate of depreciation was calculated, then in such case the method and the rate of depreciation can be changed. When the entity makes a change in depreciation method or rate it is accounted for as change in accounting estimate. The entity is liable to display the fact of such change in the financial statements along with its effect on the profits of the company. Let us now discuss the two types of depreciation method which are relevant to our given project: Straight line depreciation: under this method of depreciation the carrying amount of the asset is deducted with the salvage value (Klein, 2016). This gives us the value of the asset that is to be used or depleted over the life of the asset. Then this amount is distributed equally among the life of the asset. This gives an equal charge of depreciation over the life of the asset. For example, let the value of the asset be $ 10000 and its salvage value is $ 500, with a life of 5 years. The depreciation in this case will amount to $ 1900 per year for 5 years. This method gives consistent amount of depreciation and affects the profits in equal manner in each year. Sum of years digit method: this method of depreciation will be clearer if we try to understand it with an illustration. Let us machinery with a cost of $16000, salvage value $1000 and life of the asset as 5 years. Under the sum of year digit method, we take the sum of the digits of the life years of the asset, in the given case it amounts to 15 (1+2+3+4+5). In the first year the depreciation charged will be (5/15)*15000, which amounts to $5000. In the second year the depreciation charged will be (4/15)*15000, which amounts to $4000. Therefore, we see that under this method a heavy charge is created on the profits in the first year of the application of this method. (Larson and Miller, n.d.) Facts and solution of the given situation: In the given situation we see that there is a company called sunshine Ltd, which used to follow the straight line method of depreciation. The company is expected to generate high profits for the coming two years and for the further two years the growth is expected to fall due to economic conditions. The management of the company wants to have stable profits for all the four years, seeking solution for the same, they approach their accountant Maria. Maria is afraid that if she does not come up with a solution, her contract with the company will not be renewed, because of which she decided to change the method of depreciation form straight line method to sum of years digit method. Also, she did not disclose such fact in the financial statements as according to her the reason for such change would not be justified in the eyes of the shareholders. (Loftus, 2013) The accounting standard clearly states that change in method of depreciation is justices and will be considered a change in accounting estimate, if the circumstances under which the estimates were made have been changed. In the given scenario there is no such change of circumstance and Maria has still changed the method of depreciation in order to manipulate the profits of the entity. Therefore, change of depreciation method by Maria is not justified (Needles and Powers, 2010). The fact of change in depreciation method has not been mentioned by Maria in the financial statements is wrong (Needles and Powers, 2011). The accounting standard lies down that the any change of accounting estimate should be reported in the financial statement along with its monetary affect. In case such amount is not possible to ascertain, then the fact of such change such be mentioned in the financial statements in a form of note. The change in method of depreciation form straight line method to Sum of year digit method is ethically wrong too. In case the nature of the business justified such change then there would not have been any issue. But the fact that change in depreciation method was carried out just to even out the profits of the company for the coming years is very wrong. Conclusion Therefore, we see that the whole scenario of the management wanting even profits and Maria taking unethical steps in order to make them happy is wrong(Picker, 2010). The management should not try to manipulate profits in any case. Moreover, when Maria was unsure of Kams reason for making changes in profits of the company, she should have informed him about the ethical limitation of such changes. She should have presented to him the effects of such change. Making one mistake lead to another, this made Maria follow a path opposite from that of accounting standards. The company may in future face litigations due to such change. Maria should make changes in order to make things correct and should also let her manager, Kam know about the consequences of wanting to manipulate the profits of the company. (Warren, Reeve and Duchac, 2007) References Antle, R., Garstka, S. and Sevigny, K. (n.d.).Questions, exercises, problems, and cases to accompany financial accounting. 1st ed. Mason, Ohio: South-Western. Bebbington, J., Gray, R. and Laughlin, R. (2011).Financial accounting. 1st ed. Australia: Cengage Learning EMEA. Berry, A. (n.d.).Financial accounting. 1st ed. London: International Thomson Business. CAANZ. and Kemp, S. (2017).Auditing, assurance and ethics handbook 2017 Australia. 1st ed. Milton, Qld: Wiley. Chaudhry, A. (n.d.).Wiley 2016 interpretation and application of International Financial Reporting Standards. 1st ed. Greuning, H., Scott, D. and Terblanche, S. (2011).International financial reporting standards. 1st ed. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Houghton, K. and Campbell, T. (2005).Ethics and Auditing. 1st ed. Canberra: ANU Press. Hussey, R. (2011).Fundamentals of international financial accounting and reporting. 1st ed. New Jersey [u.a.]: World Scientific. Hussey, R. and Ong, A. (n.d.).International financial reporting standards desk reference. 1st ed. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Klein, G. (2016).Ethics in accounting. 1st ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Larson, K. and Miller, P. (n.d.).Financial accounting. 1st ed. Chicago, Ill: Irwin. Loftus, J. (2013).Understanding Australian accounting standards. 1st ed. Milton, Qld.: John Wiley and Sons. Needles, B. and Powers, M. (2010).Financial accounting. 1st ed. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Needles, B. and Powers, M. (2011).International financial reporting standards. 1st ed. Mason, Ohio: South Western Cengage Learning. Picker, R. (2010).Australian accounting standards. 1st ed. Milton, Qld.: John Wiley Sons Australia, Ltd. Warren, C., Reeve, J. and Duchac, J. (2007).Financial accounting. 1st ed. Mason, OH: Thomson/South-Western.